





> 




Class 1 ^\^0^7 



Book Y >3 Z 



Copyright^ . 



\<\64 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



1 



1 



4 






s 



} 



~> 



LATIN GRAMMAR 



FOR 
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 



FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION 






BUFFALO, N. Y. 



^K. 



t 



-\ 



if 



7^ 
D 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Cnoies Received 

AUG 24 1906 

JJopyngnt Entry 
CLhS$/Ct XXc. No^ 

/ &3 3GX 

COPY B. 



A/ / 



COPYRIGHT, 1906, 

BY 

CHARLES JOSEPH WEBER 
BUFFALO^ N. Y. 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



PREFACE 



This grammar does not aim to be a text-book of advanced 
Latin philology, but a practical guide in a systematic 
study of the Latin language. 

A practical definition of " stem " was preferred to a scien- 
tific one. 

The order of cases— Nominative, Accusative, Genitive* 
Dative, Ablative— will, it is expected, enable the student to 
both understand and memorize the paradigms more easily 
than in the accustomed order. 

Instead of the Vocative which, properly, is no case, the 
"Form of Address" has been introduced. 

The short Rules of Gender etc., while omitting such ex- 
ceptions as burden the memory most unprofitably, include 
everything needed for reading the school-authors. 

In the list of verbs tfye Infinitive, as the most important 
verbal form, (pointing out the conjugation and, excepting the 
verbs in io-ere ( , the Present -stem,) has been placed first among 
the principal parts; the verbs are accompanied, throughout the 
list, by short examples, illustrative of their construction. 

The remarks on pronunciation are intended to give a 
fairly correct idea of and to aid in acquiring that pronuncia- 
tion of Latin which was in use at the time of the classical 
Latin authors. (As this pronunciation alone can be an un- 
changeable standard of pronouncing Latin, it should, for the 
great advantage of uniformit}^, be adopted by all.) 

Almost everything printed in smaller type, or as notes, 
may be reserved for a second perusal of the book. 

" Hidden quantity " questioned by scholars, as e. g. in most 
cases of vowels before gn and gm , has not been marked. 

May, 1906. 



Part I : PHONOLOGY 



1 CHARACTERS 

The Latin language contains the following characters : 

ABCDE FGHIK LMNOP QRSTU VXYZ. 
abcde fghik lmnop qrstu v x y z. 
It does not contain : j, w. 
Capitals are used only : 

1. for the first letter of a sentence; 

2. for the first letter of a Proper Name: Graecia; 

3. for the first letter of adjectives and adverbs de- 

rived from Proper Names: lingua Graeca, 
Graece loquT. 



SOUNDS 



Consonantes 


Labi- 
ales 


Guttu- 
rales 


Den- 
tales 


Lin- 
guales 


Pala 
talis. 


Mutae tenues (hard) 
mediae (soft) 
11 aspiratae (fol- 
lowed by h) 
Semivocales liquid ae 
" nasales 
spirantes 

: Vocales 


P 
b 

ph 

m 
f,v 


c, k, q 
g 

ch 

ng 
(h) 


t 
d 

th 

n 

s, z 


l,r 


i=j 


a, e, i, o, u, y 


Consonans duplex 
Diphthong! : vocales 

duplices 


x = (cs, orgs.) 
ae, oe, au, eu. 



8 PRONUNCIATION 

3. APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION 

The following list contains the main points of that pro- 
nunciation of Latin which was in use at the time of the classi- 
cal Latin authors. 

a a as in father, fatigue 

e e as in obey, bet : see note 1. 

I i as in fatigue, fit 

6 o as in holy, obey : see note 1. 

u u as in rude, put 

y like German ii : see note 2. 

ae oe \ pronounce both elements of these diphthongs 
au eu / in the same breath-impulse : see notes 3 and 4. 

b, d, f, 1, ) . ^ r , 

m,n,p,q, / as in English 

c and k as in cat, kin 

g as in g e t 

h a sign of aspiration, no letter : see note 6. 

r trilled with the tip of the tongue 

s as in s e e 

t as in tit 

z like a lisped soft s. 

consonant i like y in yet : see notes 10 and 11. 

consonant v like w in win : see note 12. 

bs bt like ps, pt 

x (=cs, gs) as in e x t r a ; not soft as in exact 

nc, nq; ng like nk and ng in rank, rang 

n before s is not pronounced, but lengthens and nasalizes 

the preceding vowel: consul, censor are 

pronounced cosul, cesor 
qu ngu as is quick, sanguine 

su like sw; (in suadeo, -suesco, suavis) 



PRONUNCIATION 9 

4. Notes. 

1. The Latin vowels and diphthongs are pure, without the 
vanishing sound of some English vowels. 

2. The vowel y occurs in foreign words only : syllaba, 
syllable. 

3. The e- element in ae and oe seems to have been more pro- 

nounced at the time of Cicero than the preceding a and o ; 
the diphthongal pronunciation of ae and oe was gradual- 
ly becoming monophthongal, the a- and o- sounds 
disappearing. 

4. The diphthong e u is found in foreign words and in some 

interjections : Euro pa, Europe; heu, alas. 

eu in neuter, neither of the two, and in neutiquam, 

by no means, is no diphthong : ne-u-ter, ne-u-ti-quam. 

5. The sign of diaeresis (*•) distinguishes ae and oe as two 

separate vowels each from the diphthongs ae and oe. 
aer, air; aes, brass; poeta, poet; foedus, league. 

6. The Latin h , generally, was not an independent sound or 

letter, as our h; it was a sign of aspiration (nota aspira- 
tionis), intended to denote that the vowel following it 
should be uttered with a stronger aspiration than 
other vowels, or that c, p, t in ch, ph, th should be aspi- 
rated (followed by or joined with a breath-element). By 
careful speakers, especially on the stage, this h was, in- 
deed, expressed; sometimes, even as an independent sound; 
as a rule, however, it was neglected; hence the varia- 
tion in spelling: 

harena or arena; have or ave. 
In some words it was a mere sign of diaeresis : 

ahenus or aenus. 

7. Doubled consonants must be distinctly separated. 

annus = an-nus, year; anus =. a-nus, old woman. 

8. K is rare : Kalendae, Kaeso, Karthago = Carthago. 

9. Z occurs in foreign words only: Zama, Zephyrus. 

10. I is both a vowel and a consonant; it is a consonant, 

a) when it stands at the beginning of a word before a 
vowel: his; b) between two vowels: maior, ieiunus. 
In Greek words i always is a vowel: Iones = I-6-nes. 

11. Instead of ii only one i is written : 

a) in the compounds of iacio : 

e.g. write abicio, but pronounce abyikio. 

b) in the declension of words in aius, eius, oius : 

e.g. write Grai, Grais, Vei, B6T, but pronounce 
Grayi 

12. Also v denoted both a vowel and a consonant; now, 

when a vowel, it is usually written u. 



10 SYLLABLES 

5. SYLLABLES 

A word has as many syllables as it contains vowels and 
diphthongs : 

ae-ris, 2 syllables; a-e-ris, 3 syllables 

6. Separation of syllables in writing: 

a. Of consonants occurring between two vowels the follow- 
ing go with the second : 

1. Single consonants : su-pe-ri, pe-ius, di-vi-do 

2. gu, qu : san-guis, se-quor 

3. Combinations of p, c, t , (b, g, d) with 1, r: 

qua -dru-plus, a-la-cris; but: Al-pes, ar-gu-6 

4. The second of doubled consonants : an-nus, sic-cus 

b. Other combinations of consonants may be separated as 
follows: 

cas-tra or ca-stra; mons-trum or mon- strum 
sanc-tus or san-ctus; rex-i or re-xT 

c. Compound words usually divide into their parts: 

ab - rogo; post - ea; prod - est; ex - traho 

d. In ordinary speech, however, we separate: 

ab-rogo; pos-tea; pro-dest; ex -traho 

7. Quantity of syllables: 

a. The quantity of syllables is the relative time taken in 
sounding them, a long syllable requiring about twice the time 
of a short one. 

b. A long syllable may be long by nature or by position; it is 
long by nature, if it contains a diphthong or a long vowel: 

foe - dus, f! - dus. 
Note: Long vowels are usually marked: a, e, I, o, u; 
short vowels are not marked: a, e, i, o, u. 
A syllable is 1 on g by position, if its vowel is followed, 
in the same word, by two consonants, except p, c, t, (b, g, d) 
or 1, r; qu being considered as a simple consonant: thus in the 
words an-nus, dux: x=cs, c6n-co-quo, the S3 7 llables an, 
dux, con are long by position. 

Note: Vowels before nf, ns, nx, net are long (by nature), 
vowels before nt, nd are short: 
Tnfans, sanxi, sanctus; but infantis, laudandus. 



ACCENT 11 

8. ACCENT 

a. In words of two syllables the accent is on the first : 

infans, eo, sequor. 

b. In words of more than two syllables, the accent is on the 

paenultima (next to the last), if that is long: 

mfantis, coll au das; 
on the antepaenultima (second from the last), if 
the paenultima is short \- 

supen, quadruplus, mediocris. 
Note: Words with appended que, ve, ne, as well as Greek 
words follow the same rules : 

utraque, triave, tibine; 

Iones, Eumenes, philosophia, Academia. 

c. Exceptions : 

1. Compounds of facio which keep the a of facio, retain 

also the accent on facio : benefacis, calefacit; but : 
reficis. 

2. Words which have lost a final vowel after a long 

penult, keep the accent in its former place : 
educ, illic from educe, illice. 

3. Genitives and forms of address of substantives in ius 

and ium: Vergili, ingenl. 



12 INFLECTION 



Part II : INFLECTION 

9. 



Nouns: ^^^^'^J^^^'Ure inflected by declension 
(numerals, pronouns j 

Verbs: are inflected by conjugation. 

Particles- ( adv . erbs > prepositions, \ are not inflec ted. 
"' (conjunctions, interjections J 



10. DECLENSION OF NOUNS 

Declension is that inflection which indicates gender, num- 
ber and case. 



11. GENDERS 

The genders of nouns are determined by general and par- 
ticular rules. 

The particular rules (stated in the single declensions) are 
applied only, when the general rules cannot decide 
the gender. 

12. GENERAL RULES OF GENDER 

1. Men and rivers are masculine (m.): masculina. 

2. Women and trees are feminine (f.): feminma. 

3. Indeclinables are neuter (n.): neutra. 

4. Nouns denoting either sex are common (c.): communia. 



Genus masculinum; genus neutrum : neither m. nor f. 
genus feminlnum; genus commune: either m. or f. 



MOBILIA AND COLLECTIVA 13 



Examples. 



1. Nauta, ae, m., sailor Persa, ae, m., Persian 
Tiberis, is, m., the Tiber Albis, is, m., the Elbe 

2. populus, I, f., poplar ilex, icis, f., holmoak 
quercus, us, f, oak soror, oris, f., sister. 

3. fas, n., divine right vale, n., farewell 
Also phrases, clauses, quotations etc., are neuter. 

4. parens, entis, c. (i. e., m. and f.) father or mother 
infans, antis, c, child (boy or girl) 

comes, itis, c, companion (male or female) 

13. Note. Some names of men and animals have a mascu- 
line and a feminine ending (substantiva mobilia): 
fllius, I, m., son filia, ae, f., daughter 

nepos, otis, m., grandson neptis, is, f., granddaughter 
puer, i, m., boy puella, ae, f., girl 

victor, oris, m., conqueror victrix, Tcis, f., conqueror 
rex, regis, m., king regma, ae. f., queen 

gallus, T, m., cock gallina, ae, f., hen 

14«. Exceptions: 

to 1: a; Collective nouns follow the particular rules of gender 

copiae, arum, f., troops auxilia, orum, n., auxiliaries 
operae, arum, f., workmen manus, us, f., troop 

b. mancipium, I, n., slave, (chattel) 

c. Elaver, eris, n., Allier (river in Gaul); Allia, ae, f., Allia 

(river near Rome) 
Sequana, ae, m., Seine 
Note: Names of rivers in a are of variable and uncertain 
gender, 
to 2: acer, aceris, n., maple-tree. 

15. NUMBERS 

There are two numbers in the Latin declension: 

Numerus singularis, the Singular, 
Numerus pluralis, the Plural. 



14 



OASES, RULES OF DECLENSION 



16. 



CASES 



Case is that form or use of a noun by which its relation 
to other words in a sentence is denoted. 

There are five cases: 

Nominativus, answering the question: Who? or what? 
Accusativus, answering the question: Whom? or what ? 
Geneti vus, answering the question: Whose? or of what ? 
Dativus, answering the question: To or for whom 

or what ? 
Ablativus, answering the question: By what means? 

Note: The nominative is called casus rectus, independent case; 
the other cases are called casus obllqui, dependent cases. 



17. 



FORM OF ADDRESS 



When used to name a person or thing addressed, the noun 
is in no case, as the address has no relation to any part of a 
sentence (16); a special form of address, (usually called the 
Vocative, ) is used only for the singular of words in us of the 
second declension; the nominative serves that purpose for 
all other words. 



18. 



TABLE OF DECLENSIONS 



Declension 


i- 


II. 


in. 


IV. 


V. 


Nom. sing. : 
Gen. sing. : 

Stem: 
Hnding ^ 

of Gen. sing. ) 


mensa 

mensae 

mens 

ae 


servus 

servi 

serv 

I 


lex 

legis 

leg 

is 


fructus 
fructus 
fruct 

us 


dies 
die! 
di 

ei or el 



Note: The ending of the Gen. sg. shows to which declension 
a word belongs. 

19. The stem of a noun (substantive or adjective) is found 
by cutting off the ending of the Gen. sg. 



FIRST DECLENSION 15 

FIRST DECLENSION 



21 



Gen. sg. -ae. 


Singular 


Plural 


N. 
Ac. 
G. 
D. 

Ab. 


mens -a the or (a) table 
mens -am the or (a) table 
mens-ae of the or (a) t. 
mens - a e to, for the or 

(a) table 
mens -a by means of 
the or (a) table 


mens-ae (the) tables 
mens -as (the) tables 
mens -arum of (the) tables 
mens -is to or for (the) 

tables 
mens -is by means of 
(the) tables 



22. The Nominative is used to name 

a, the subject : Mensa est rotunda 

b f the predicate subst. or adj. : Italia est terra, est 

p u 1 c h r a 

c, the person or thing addressed: Nauta! Sailor ! 

23. The Accusative is used 

a, for the object of a transitive verb: mensamhabet, 

he has a table 

b, for the object of apreposition governing the Accusa- 

tive: ante mensam, he fore the table. 
in aquam, into the water. 

24. The Ablative is used 

a, to express "by means of = by, through, with a thing" 

mensa, by means of a table 

b, for the object of a preposition governing the Ab- 

lative: 

sub mensa, under the table 
in aqua, in the water 

25. Note: "By" (i. e. by means of the action of a living 

being) is expressed by a, (before vowels or h : ab,) 

with the Ablative : 

a nauta, b y the sailor; ab agricola, by the husbandma*n 

"With" (i. e. accompanied by a person) is expressed 
by cum with the Ablative : 

cum nauta, with a sailor 
Similarly: cum uva, with a grape (having, holding it) 



16 



FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 



26. 



GENDER. (11.14.) 



Names of men and rivers are masculine, 
All other words in a are feminine. 

Perfuga, ae, m., deserter; regina, ae, f., queen 

Mosa, ae, m., Maas (Meuse); terra, ae, f., earth, land. 



27. 



SECOND DECLENSION 







Nomin. sing, -us, -er, -ir; -um. 




Gen. sing. -i. 


Singular Plural 


Nom. 


serv-us 


the (a) slave 


serv-I 


(the) slaves 


Ace. 


serv-um 


the (a) slave 


serv-6s 


(the) slaves 


Gen. 


serv-i 


of the (a) slave 


serv -6 rum of (the) slaves 


Dat. 


serv - 6 


to, for the (a) slave 


serv -is 


to, for (the) 
slaves 


Abl. 


a serv -6 


by the (a) slave 


a serv -is 


by (the) slaves 


Nom. 


bell-um 


the (a) war 


bell -a 


(the) wars 


Ace. 


bell - u m 


the (a) war 


bell -a 


(the) wars 


Gen. 


bell-i 


of the (a) war 


bell - 6 r u m 


of (the) wars 


Dat. 


bell -6 


to, for the (a) war 


bell - T s 


to, for (the) 
wars 


Abl. 


bell -6 


by means of the (a) 


bell -Is 


by... (the) 






war 


wars 


Nom. 


liber 


the (a) book libr-i 


(the) books 


Ace. 


libr-um 


the (a) book I libr-6s 


(the) books 


Gen. 


libr-i 


of the (a) book 


libr-orum 


of (the) books 


Dat. 


libr-6 


to, for the (a) book 


libr-Ts 


to, for (the) 


Abl. 


libr-o 


by means of the ^a) 
book 


libr-Is 


by... (the) 

books 


Nom. 


puer 


the (a) boy 


puer-i 


(the) boys 


Ace. 


puer-um the (a) bov 


puer- os 


(the) boys 


Gen. 


puer-i 


of the (a) boy 


puer- 6 rum of (the) boys 


Dat. 


puer -6 


to, for the (a) boy 


puer - i s 


to, for (the) 
boys 


Abl. 


a puer -6 


by the (a) boy 


a puer -is 


by (the) boys 



SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES OF I. AN II. DECLENSIONS 17 

28. There is only one noun in -ir, vir, virT, m., man: 
Sing-.: vir, virttm, viri, viro, vird 

Plur.: virT, viros, virorum, viris, viris 

29. Like puer are declined: 

1. Substantives in -fer and -ger, as 

signifer, -feri, m., standard-bearer; armiger, gerf, m., 
a rni or-bearer ; 

2. gener, erf, m., son-in-law; vesper, erf, m., evening 
socer, eri, m., father-in-law; Liber, erf, m., god of wine 

liberf, erorum, m., children. 

Like liber, book: 

all other substantives of the 2d decl. ending in er, as 
ager, agri, m., held; magister, trf, m., teacher, master. 

30. ADJECTIVES OF THE I. AND II. DECLENSIONS 

1. Adjectives in -us, m.,-a,f.,-um,n. \ are declined like 

as bonus, bona, bonum, good jservus, mensa, bellum 

2. Adjectives in -er, m., -a, f., um, n. \ like 

as sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred \ liber, mensa, bellum; 

3. Adj. in -er, m., era, f., erum, n. 1 like 

as asper, aspera, asperum, rough f puer, mensa, bellum; 

Like asper: a. miser, misera, miserum, wretched 
tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, soft 
liber, libera, Hberum, free, independent 

b. Adjectives in -fer and -ger, as 

frugifer, frugifera, frugiferum, fruitful 
corniger, cornigera, cornigerum, horned 

4. Dexter, dextra or dextera, dextrum or dexterum, on the 

right side 

5. Satur, satura, saturum, satiated, is decl. like vir, mensa, 

bellum. 

Remember: E is kept by 

liber, free, and liberf, the children, 
Liber, Bacchus; -fer and -ger; 
alter, asper, miser, tener, 
puer, vesper, socer, gener. 



18 



AGREEMENT, FORM OF ADDRESS 



31. 



AGREEMENT 



The adjectives (both predicative and attributive) must 
agree with their substantives in gender, number and case: 

mensa mea, my table hortus tuus, your garden 

poeta clarus & famous poet populus liber, a free people 

puer aeger, a sick boy aedificium sacrum, a sacred bldg. 



Singular 


Plural 


Nom. 


mens -a 


me -a 


mens - a e me - a e 


Ace. 


mens -am 


me- am 


mens -as me- as 


Gen. 


mens - a e 


me-ae 


mens -arum me -arum 


Dat. 


mens - a e 


me-ae 


mens-is me-is 


Abl. 


mens -a 


me -a 


mens -is me-is 


Nom. 


poet -a 


clar -us 


poet-ae clar -I 


Ace. 


poet -am 


clar-um 


poet- as clar- os 


Gen. 


poet - a e 


clar-i 


poet-arum clar- 6 rum 


Dat. 


poet-ae 


clar - 6 


poet -is clar -is 


Abl. 


a poet -a 


clar - 6 


a poet -is clar- is 



32. 



FORM OF ADDRESS (17) 



The form of address in the singular differs from the nomin. 
sg. in many cases: 

a. Substantives in us have -e: servus, serve, slave! 

Dareus, Daree, Darius! 
but filius, fill, son! 

Proper nouns in ius, eius, aius, have: I, ei, ai, as 

Vergilius, Vergili, Virgil! 
Pompeius, Pompei, Pompey! 
Gaius, Gai, Gaius! 

b. Adjectives in us have -e: bonus, bon-e 

" in ius " -ie: impius, impi-e 

meus, mea, meum, has: mi, mea, meum 



mi fill, my son! poeta impie, ungodly poet ! 
mea filia, O my daughter ! serve piger, lazy slave ! 



II. DECLENSION, DEUS, GENDER 19 

The gen. &g. of proper (and common) nouns in -ius, 
and -ium is often 1, instead of ii: 

Vergili = Vergilii; ingenium, ingeni = ingenii, talents. 

33. Declension of deus, del, m., god: 

Sing.: deus, deum, del, deo, a deo, 

Plur.: di(dii), deos, deorum, dis (diis) a dis (diis). 

Form of address: vSg. (not used), pi. di. 
Note: The form of address in Christian writers is Deus. 
Dii and diis are pronounced like di, dis. 

34. GENDER (11, 12.) 

Words in -um are neutra. 
-us, -er : masculina. 

Exceptions: 
Feminine are islands, lands and towns in us 

and humus; 

Neuter virus, vulgus. 

Corinthus clar a, famous Corinth; virus mortiferum, 
deadly poison ; populT altae, high poplars (12). 

malus, i, m., mast; upright beam malus, I. f., apple-tree 
populus, T, m., people populus, l, f., poplar 

Aegyptius, l. m., Egyptian Aegyptus, T, f., Egypt 

Poloponnesus, i, f., Peloponnesus Cyprus, T, f., Cyprus 
Corinthus, I, f., Corinth humus, l, f,, ground ', so// 

malum, I, n., apple malum, i, n., evil, misfortune 

virus, I, n., poison vulgus, T, n., crowd, rabble. 

virus and vulgus form no plural. 

35. Note: i) Masculine stay Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus. 

2 ) The gender of islands, lands and towns not end- 
ing in us is determined by their ending (in all declensions): 
Saguntum, 1, n., Sagunt Leuctra, drum, n., Leuctra. 
Delphi, orum., m., Delphi. 



20 



THIRD DECLENSION 

THIRD DECLENSION (18) 



36. A word is parisyllabic, if the number of its syllables in 
the nom. and the gen. sg. is equal : par ; 
but imparisyllabic, if the number is unequal : impar: 

IMPARISYLLABA: 

a) rex, regis, king : the stem reg ends in one consonant : g. 

(19.) 

b) ars, artis, art : the stem art ends in two consonants : rt. 

PARISYLLABA: 

c) nubes, nubis, cloud: the stem nub ends in one conso- 

nant : b. 

d) linter, lintris, skiff: the stem lint r ends in three conso- 

nants : ntr. 



Masculina et Feminina: 




Imparis3'llaba with stems 


All other masc. and fern., 




ending in one consonant 


(see above: b, c, d,) have: 




have: 






Abl.sg". Acc.pl. Gen.pl. 


Abl.sg.Acc.pl. Gen.pl. 




e es um 


e es or is ium 




Singular Plural 


Singular | Plural 


Nom. 


rex, king 


reg - es 


ars, art 


art - es 


Ace. 


reg -em 


reg - es 


art - em 


art-es or art-is 


Gen. 


reg - is 


reg - um 


art -is 


art - ium 


Dat. 


reg-i 


reg - ibus 


art-i 


art -ibus 


Abl. 


a reg - e 


a reg -ibus 


art-e 


art -ibus 


Neutra 




Neuters ending in 






e, al, ar (with gen. aris) 


All other neuters have : 




and par (with gen. paris): 






i la lum 


e a um 




Singular 


Plural 


Singular | Plural 


Nom. 


mar-e, sea 


mar-ia 


nomen 

name 


nomin -a 


Ace. 


mar-e 


mar-ia 


nomen 


nomin -a 


Gen. 


mar -is 


mar-ium 


nomm-is 


nomin -um 


Dat. 


mar-i 


mar- ibus 


nomin -I 


nomin -ibus 


Abl. 


mar-i 


mar -ibus 


nomin-e 


nomin -ibus 



CASE ENDINGS OF THE III. DECLENSION 



21 



37. 



IRREGULAR CASE ENDINGS 



1. Ace. sg. -im; Abl. sg. T: 

Sitis, puppis, ttirris, 

Febris and securis, 

Cum parisyllabis 

Of streams and towns in is. 

2. Abl. sg. -e instead of-T: 
Neuter names of towns in e, 
As Bibraete and Praeneste. 



3. Gen. pi. -ium 

instead of -um: 
Fauces, lis and optimates; 
ThenQuirites and penates, 
With Samnites, Arpinates. 

4. Gen. pi. -um 

instead of -ium: 

Senex, pater, also mater; 
Canis, iuvenis and frater. 



Note 1: Abl. sg. -I and -e. 
Civis, ignis, also navis, 
Imber and supellex, clavis. 

Note 3: Abl. sg. of rete is rete. 



Note 2: Gen.pl.-um (and -ium) 
Mensis, civitas, parentes; 
Sedes,frausand alsovates 
Note 4: 

Os, ossis, n., bone, has 

ossium 
Cor, cordis, n., heart, has 
cordium. 



sitis, is, im, I; f., 


thirst 


optimates, (pi.) ium, m 


, aristocrats 


puppis, is, im, I; f., 


stern 


QuTrTtes, (pi.) ium, m., 


Quirites 


turris, is, im,i; f., 


tower 


penates, (pi.) ium, m., 


household 


febris, is, im, T; f., 


fever 




gods 


securis, is, im, T; f., 


axe 


Samnltes, (pi.) ium, m. 


, Samnites 


Tiberis, is, im, T; m., 


Tiber 


Arpinates, (pi.) ium, m. 


, Arpinates 


Neapolis,is,im,i; f., 


Naples 


senex, senis, m., 


old man 


Elis, idis, em, e, f., 


Elis. 


pater, patris, m., 


father 


civis, is; c, 


citizen 


mater, matris, f., 


mother 


ignis, is; m., 


fire 


canis, is; c, 


dog 


navis, is; f., 


ship 


iuvenis, is; m., 


(young) 


imber, bris;m., 


heavy 




man 




rain 


frater, fratris, m., 


brother 


supellex, supellec- 








tills, f., (plur.not 




mensis, is; m., 


month 


used), 


furni- 


cT vitas, at is, f., 


state; citi- 




ture 




zenship 


clavis, is;f., 
rete, is; n., 


key 
net 


parentes, um; m., 
sedes, is; f., 


parents 
seat 


fauces, (pi.) ium, f., 


throat 


fraus, fraudis, f., 


deceit 


lis, litis, ium, f., 


strife 


vates, is; m,, 


seer; bard 



22 RULES OF GENDER 

38. RULES OF GENDER 

(Vocabulary : 41 sqq.) 

I. MASCULINE are -6, -or, -er, sol, sal. 

Exceptions 

Feminine are caro, -io, -do, 
Arbor, arboris and linter, -go. 

Masculine stay pugio, 
Ordo and septentrio. 

Neuter frttits and plants in -er, 
Aequor, marmor, cor and ver, 
Iter, verber(a), cadaver. 

II. FEMININE are ^ and -x. 

Exceptions 

Masculine is pes, 
As and paries; 
Dens and fons and mons, 
Lepus, miis and pons; 
Collis, orbis, ensis, 
Pulvis, lapis, mensis; 
Words in -nis, -gnis, -cis, 
And in -ex, ^icis); 
Grex and words in 6s. — 

Feminine: cos, dos; 
Neuter: aes, vas, 6s, 
-tis (with ris) and os. 

III. NEUTER are 
-e, -al, -ar; 
-ma, -men, caput, fel, 
-ur and lac and mel. 
Masculine stays vultur. 



GENDERS OF ADJ. AND PART. USED AS SUBSTANTIVES 



23 



39. Note: Many other words are masculine : 



1. cardo, 


inis, 


hinge 


canalis, is, {water) pipe, 


harpago, 


onis, 


grappling 


canal 






hook 


caulis, is, cabbage 


papilio, 


onis, 


butterfly 


fastis, is, cudgel 


scipio, 


onis, 


staff 


postis, is, post 


vespertilio 


,6nis, 


bat 


vermis, is, worm 


2. aries, 


etis, 


ram 




quadrupes 


, edis, 


quadruped 


4. Names of fractions of 12, 


caespes, 


itis, 


turf, sod 


ending in s or x, as: 


gurges, 


itis, 


whirlpool 


sextans, antis, two-twelfths 


stipes, 


itis, 


stock, post 


quincunx, uncis, five 


glis, 


gliris 


dormouse 


semis, semissis, six " 


rudens, 


entis, 


rope 


bes, bessis, eight " 


calix, 


ieis, 


cup 




fornix, 


icis, 


arch, vault 


5. Words in n (not men) as: 


3. axis, 


is, 


axle 


pecten, inis, comb 


callis, 


is, 


path 


renes, um, kidneys 



GENDER OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES USED AS 
SUBSTANTIVES 



), continent, main- 



oriens, 
torrens, 
annalis, 
Aprilis, 



), West 
), East 
), torrent 
), usu. pi. 
), April 



[land 



40. 

continens, entis, f., ( = continens terra 
occidens, entis, m.,( usu. occidens sol 
entis, m.,( usu. oriens sol 
entis, m.,( = fluvius torrens 
is, m.,( = liber annalis 
is, m.,(usu. mensis Aprilis 
September, bris, m., (usu. mensis September), September 

(Declension : 51, 52.) 



annals 



41 



VOCABULARY TO RULES OF GENDER 

{Sec also 37, 39. 40) 
RULE FOR MASCULINES 



aquilo, onis, m., northwind 
carbo, onis, m., coal 
leo, onis, m., lion 
mucro, onis, m., point of a 

sword 



pavo, onis, m., peacock 
pulmo, onis, m., lung 
sermo, onis, m., conversation 
Sulmo, onis, m., Sulmo (35.) 



24 



VOCABULARY TO RULES OF GKNDKR 



turbo, inis, m., whirlwind 

pugio , onis , m . , dagger 

ordo, inis, m., order, series 

Septentri6nes,um,m., North 
Vesontio, onis, m., (exc.to35) 



amor, 


oris, 


m. 


, love 


color, 


oris, 


m. 


, color 


dolor, 


oris, 


m. 


, pain 


agger, 


eris, 


m. 


, mouL 


sol, 


solis, 


m. 


, sun 


sal, 


salis, 


m. 


, salt 



dam 



car 6, carnis, f., fiesh 
munitio, onis, f., intrench- 

ment 
ratio, onis, f., reason, 

plan... 
consuetudo, inis, f., custom 



ordo plebeius 
sermo patrius 
caro ferina 
arbor procera 
cadaver cruentum 
cor human um 



testudo, 


mis, i. 


tortoise, 
shelter 


arbor, a. r 


boris,f. 


tree 


soror, 


oris, f. 


sister 


linter, 


tris, f. 


skiff- 


mulier, 


leris, f. 


woman 


imago, 


inis, f. 


picture 


origo, 


inis, f. 


origin 


acer, 


aceris, n. 


, maple-tree 
(38) 


papaver, 


eris, n. 


, poppy 


piper, 


eris, n. 


i pepper 


aequor, 


oris, n. 


, smooth sea 


marmor, 


oris, n. 


, marble 


cor, cordis, n., 


heart (cor- 






dium ) 


ver, 


veris, n., 


spring 


iter, itineris, n., 


march, 






road 


verbera, 


um, n., 


lashing 


cadaver, 


eris, n. 


, corpse 



class of the common people 

mothertongue 

game 

tall tree 

bloody corpse 

human heart 



4,2 



anas, 

aetas, 

aestas, 

crudelitas, 

gra vitas, 

levitas, 

abies, 
seges, 
compedes, 



atis,f., 
atis,f.. 
atis,f., 
atis, f. ; 
atis,f. : 
atis,f., 

etis, f. 
etis, f. 
um, f., 



RULE FOR FEMffMINES 

duck 
age 



summer 
cruelty 
heaviness 
fickleness, 

frivolity 
fir (12) 
crop 
shackles 



merces, edis, f., reward, pay 

quies, etis, f., rest 
nubes, is, f., cloud 

vulpes, is, f., fox 

auris, is, f., ear 

avis, is, f., bird 

classis, is, f., fleet, class 
felis, is, f., cat 

vitis, is, f., vine 



VOCABULARY TO RULES OF GENDER 



25 



cos, cotis, f., hone 

dos, dotis, f., dowry 

laus, laudis, f., praise 

inventus, utis, f., youth, 



sal us, utis, 
senectus, utis, 
servitus, utis, 
virtus, utis, 



palus, 
pecus, 



udis, 
udis, 



43. 

pes, 



young men 
f., welfare 
f., old age 
f., slavery 
f., manly excel- 
lence, brav- 
ery, etc. 
f., swamp 
f., single head 
of cattle; sheep 

dux callidus, a 
navis longa 
virtus sum ma 
vox magna 



as 



vas, 



pedis, m.,foot 
assis, m.,1. unit of 

money 
2. unit of 

weight 

vadis, m.,bail 
paries, etis, m., wall 
dens, dentis,m., tooth 
fons, fontis,m., fountain, 

spring 
mons, montis,m., mountain 
lepus, oris, m.,hare 
uris, m., mouse 
pontis,m., bridge 
is, m., hill 
is, m., circle 
is, m., sword (poet.) 
pulvis, veris,m., dust 
lapis, pidis,m., stone 



mus, 

pons, 

collis, 

orbis, 

ensis, 



panis cibarius coarse bread 
collis arduus steep hill 



gens, gentis, f., race, nation 

mens, mentis, f., mind 

fr5ns, frontis, f., forehead 

frons, frondis, f., foliage 
pars, partis, f., part 
urbs, urbis, f., city 



pax, 

lex, 

nex 

nix, 

nox, 

lux, 



pacis, f., peace 
legis, f., law 
necis, f., murder 
nivis, f., snow 
noctis, f., night 
lucis, f., {day) light 



experienced leader (12) 
man-of-war 
perfect manhood 
loud voice 



cims, cmens, 



crmis, 
finis, 
panis, 
anguis, 



piscis, 
hostis, 



is, 
is, 
is, 
is, 
is, 

is, 
is, 



codex, icis, 
cortex, icis, 
vertex, icis, 
grex, gregis, 
flos, floris, 
moris, 



mos, 
ros, 



rons, 



m., ashes 

(of a corpse) 
m., hair 
m., boundary 
m., bread 
m., serpent 
m., nail 

of a £nger 

m., fish 

m., enemy (in 

war) 
m., book, ledger 
m., bark 
m., top; whirl 
m., flock 
m., fiower 
m., manner 
m., dew 



VOCABULARY TO RULES OF GENDER 



26 
44. 

fas, indecl., n., divine right (12) 
nef as ,indecl.,n., wrong, sin 
Yas, vasis, n., vessel (67) 

implement 
aes, aeris, n., bronze, 

copper-m oney 
os, oris, n., mouth, face 
os, ossis,n.,&o#e (ossium) 
crus cruris, n., /eg- 
ius, iuris, n., right ; justice 



aes alie num 

ora dura 

rus suburbanum 



rus, 



tus, 
genus, 
latus, 

vulnus, eris, 
corpus, oris, 
pecus, oris, 



tempus,ons, 

debt 

brazen faces 
country-seat 



rurie, n., country 

(opp. to city, 
pi. has n. and 
ace. only.) 
turis, n., frank-incense 
eris, n., descent; race 
n., side, Bank 
n., wound 
n., body 
n., herd of small 

cattle 
n., time 



ens, 



45 



RULE FOR NEUTERS 



conclave, is, n., room; cage 
hastile, is, n.. shaft of a spear 
anim al , alis , n . , living being; 

beast 
tribunal, alis, n., tribunal 
vectigal, alis, n., tax; rents 
calcar, aris, n., spur 
far, farris,n., spelt (farra) 
par, paris, n., pair (paria) 
poema, atis, n., poem 
agm en , inis , n . , army {on the 

march) 
cert amen, inis,n., contest 
flumen, inis, n., river 



mare internum 
anim alia domestica 
flumina lata 
fulmen sinistrum 
capita cana 



fulm en , inis, n . , striking 

lightning 
lumen, inis, n., light, lumin- 
ous object 
caput, capitis,n.,/zeac/ 
fel, felli^ri.,gall 

fulgur, uris, n., flashing 

lightning 
murmur, uris, n., humming; 

roaring 
robur, oris, n., oakwood, 

strength 
Tibur , uris , n . , City in 

Latium 
n., milk 
n., honey 



lac, lactis, 
mel, mellis, 

vultur, uris, m., vulture 



Mediterranean Sea 
domestic animals 
broad rivers 
favorable lightning 
gray heads 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 27 

46. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 

(See Comparison of Adjectives, 73.) 
FIRST CLASS 

Adj. of 3 endings: acer, acris, acre UbLsg., N.pl.n., Gen.pl. 
" " 2 endings: brevis, brevis, breve > - • • 

" " lending: felix, felix, felix J ' ' 



Singular 



Norn, 

Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 



m. 



f. 



n. 



acer acris acre 
acrem acrem acre 

acris 

acri 

acri 



m., f. 



n. 



brevis breve 
brevem breve 

brevis 

brevi 

brevi 



m.,f. 



felix 
felicem felix 
felicis 
felici 
felici 



Plural 



m., f.. 



n. 



m.,f. 



n. 



Nom. acres acria 
Ace. acres (-is) acria 
Gen. acrium 

Dat. acribus 

Abl. acribus 



breves brevia 
breves (-is) brevia 
brevium 
brevibus 
brevibus 



m., f. 



felices felicia 
felices (is) felicia 

felieium 

felicibus 

felicibus 



47. 



ADJECTIVES OF 3 ENDINGS 



acer, acris, acre, keen 

alacer, al acris, alacre lively 

eel eber, Celebris, celebre, x ) much 

frequented; 2 ) renowned 

celer, celeris, celere swift 

saluber 1,1'"', T * 

salubrisi- brIs '- bre wholesome 



equester, equestris, equestre, 

equestrian, cavalry- 
paruster, paliistris, palustre, 

swampy 
pedester, pedestris, pedestre, 

foot- 
September, Septembris, 

Septembre, ofSeptemb&r 
volucer 1 „■- . „ ffly- 
v61ucris} volucris ' Yoltlcre \ ing 



(cam pester), campestris, campestre, level. 
celeber, celer, pedester; 
alacer, acer, equester. 



28 

48. 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
ADJECTIVES OF 2 ENDINGS 



brevis, breve, short 
dulcis, dulce, sweet 
fortis, forte, strong, manly 
illustris, illustre, x ) full of light 
2 ) famous 



lugubris, bre, mourning 
mediocris, ere, middling 
suavis, suave, pleasant, sweet 
silvestris, tre, woody 
terrestris, tre, land - 



49. 



anceps, ancipitis, doubtful; 
two-sided 
audax, audacis, bold 
clemens, en tis, forbearing 
ordo equester, 
orator mediocris, 
lamentatio lugubris, 
mel dulce, 
proelium anceps, 
remedia celeria, 



ADJECTIVES OF 1 ENDING 

felix, Tcis, lucky, fortunate 
iners, ertis, unskilful; inactive 
locuples, etis, opulent 
par, paris, equal 
order of knights 
an ordinary speaker 
mourning over the dead 
sweet honey 
a double battle 
efficacious remedies 



50. SECOND CLASS 

The following adjectives of one ending belong to this class 

1. Princeps, compos, pau- 1... 

per, dives l AfDl - 
Also particeps, superstesj 

2. Memor, inops : I wanting, um 

3. Vetus, : vetere, vetera, veterum 



sg., N. and Ace. nt. pi., Gen . pi. 
e wanting, um 



Singular 


Plural 


m., f. n. 


m., f. n. 


Nom. 
Ace. 
Gen. 
Dat. 

Abl. 


dives dives 
divitem dives 

divitis 

diviti 

divite 


divites — 
divites — 

divitum 

divitibus 

divitibus 



princeps, cipis, chief 
compos, potis, master of 
pauper, peris, not wealthy; 

of small income 

dives, vitis, rich 



particeps, cipis, sharing 
superstes, stitis, surviving 
memor, oris, mindful 
inops, inopis, without re- 
sources 
vetus, veteris, old 



DECLENSIONS OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES 



29 



51. Note 1: Adjectives in is and er, used as appellatives or 
as names of months are declined like adjectives: Abl. sg. I: 

aequalis, is, m., contempo- 
rary 
affims, is, c, relation by- 
marriage 



annalis, is,m., (usu. pi.) 

annals 
Atheniensis, is, m-, Athenian 
Aprilis, is, m., April (40) 



consularis, is, m., ex-consul 
familiaris, is, c, friend, intimate 
natalis, is, m., birthday 



sodalis, is, m., comrade 
September, bris, m., September 



Abl.: aequali, nata.li, Septembri. 
Note 2: Adjectives used as proper names have e in the 
abl. sg.: 

Martialis, a Martiale; Felix, cum Felice 
Metellus Celer, a Metello Celere 

Note 3: Adjectives in as, atis, and is, itis, have e, when denot- 
ing persons; T, when denoting things : 

in Arpinati (fundo), on the estate in Arpinum; 

ab Arpinate (homine), by an inhabitant of Arpinum. 

52. DECLENSIONS OF PARTICIPLES IN NS 

Abl. sg. ? J; Nom. pi. neut. ia; Gen. pi. ium. 

When used as adjectives, participles in ns have i in the 

abl. sg. 
" " participles or substantives, they have 

e in the abl. sg. 
a. mllite vigilant!, by a watchful soldier 

milite vigilante, while the soldier was watching-; 

a sapient! sene, by a discreet old man, 

a. sapiente, by a judicious person. 



53 



FOURTH DECLENSION 



fructus, us, m., fruit: 


cornu, us, n., horn: 


| Singular 


Plural 


Singular 


Plural 


Nom. 

Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 


fruct -us 
fruct - u m 
fruct -us 
fruct -u!, (ii) 
fruct - u 


fruct -us 
fruct -us 
fruct -uum 
fruct-ibus 
fruct - i b u s 


corn-u 
corn - u 
corn -us 
corn - u 
corn-u 


corn-ua 
corn-ua 
corn-uum 
corn-ibus 
corn - i b u s 



30 
54 



FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS 



Ubus, instead of ibus, is taken by 

artus, us, joint, (pi.: limbs,) and tribus, us, tribe: 

artubus, tribubus. 

The same ending is occasionally found in other words, as in 

lacus, us, lake; portus, us, harbor. 

lacibus and lacubus. 

Distinguish arcibus from arcubus: 
arx, arcis, f., stronghold ; arc us, us, m., bow. 

55. Domus, us, house, has forms of both the 4th and 2d 

declensions : 
Sing.: domus, domum, domus, domui domo 
Plur.: domus, domos, domuum, domibus, domibus 

domi, at home (Locative) 

domum, home, homeward 

domo, from home. 

56. GENDER 

-us is masculine: -u is neuter. 
Exceptions 
Feminina are in us 
Idus, tribus, porticus; 
Acus, domus, manus. 



artus, us, m., joint, (pi. limbs) 

exercitus, us, m., (disciplined) 

army 

fructus, us, m., fruit 

quercus, us, f., oak (12) 

anus, us, f., old woman 

acus, us, f., needle 

domus, us, f., house 

idus, uum, f., Ides (13th or 

15th of the month) 

cornu, us, n., horn 

portus celeber, 
visus acer, 
domus ampla, 
tribus rustica, 
idus Martiae, 
genu sinistrum 



lacus, us, m., lake 
portus, us, m., harbor 

sensus, us, ro., feeling; tact 
nurus, us, f., daughter-in-law 
socrus, us, f., mother-in-law 
manus, us, f., hand 
porticus, us, f., collonadc 
tribus, us, f., tribe 

genu, us, n., knee 

much-frequented harbor 

keen sight 

spacious house 

country-tribe 

Ides of March 

the left knee 



57. 



FIFTH DECLENSION 

FIFTH DECLENSION 



31 



I dies, diei, m., day 


res, rei, f., thing 


Nom. 

Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 


Singular 

di-es 

di-em 

di-ei 

di-ei 

di-e 


Plural 


Singular 


Plural 


di-es 
di-es 
di-e rum 
di-ebus 
di-ebus 


r-es 

r-em 

r-ei 

r-ei 

r-e 


r-es 

r-es 

r-erum 

r-ebus 

r-ebus 



58. Fides, spes, res have ei: fidei, spei, rei; 
the rest have ei: perniciei, specie!, aciei, faciei etc. 

Note: a. Only dies and res form a complete plural. 
Species forms the nom. and ace. plural. 
b. The other cases of the plural are supplied by synonyms: 
Plur.: species, species, formarum, formls, formis. 



59 



acies, ei, f., 
facies, ei, f., 



face, 

appearance 
pernicies, ei, f., ruin, bane 

dies festus 
dies dicta, constituta 

NOHINA 

60. IndeclinabTlia; 
mane, morning 
frugi, honest 



GENDER 

es of the fifth is feminine. 

Exceptions: 
Masculine are dies, day, 
and meridies, midday; 
Dies, an appointed day, 
Feminine does mostly stay. 

keenness, species, ei, f., outward appearance 
battle-array 

fides, ei, f., trust, 

faithfulness 

spes, ei, f., hope 



feast-day 
appointed day 

DEFECTIVA 

Indeclinable words (12;44) 
instar, like; as much as (gen.) 
nequam, naughty 

an honest man 



homo frugi, 

epistula voluminis instar. 



32 



DEFECTIVE SUBSTANTIVES 



61. Singulfiria tantum occur in the singular only: 



scientia, ae, f., knowledge 
aes alienum. n., debt 
indoles, is, f., native quality 
vestis, is, f., clothing 



regula, ae, f., rule, pattern 
ius iurandum, n., oath 
specimen, inis, n., sample, proof 
(vestimenta, orum, n., pieces 

of cloth) 

62. Pluralia tantum occur in the plural only: 



Athenae, arum, Athens 
angustiae, f., x )dehle 

2 ) distress 
catenae, f., chain 
deliciae, f., delight 
divitiae, f., riches 

arma, orum, n., arms 
castra, orum, n., camp 
Leuctra, orum, n., Leuctra 

Alpes, ium, f., the Alps 
altaria, ium, n., altar 
cervices, um, f., neck 
fides, ium, f., lyre 
moenia, ium, n., city wall 



63. 



Syracusae, arum, f., Syracuse 
inimleitiae f., enmity 
insidiae, f., ambush 
minae, f., threat 
nuptiae, f., wedding 
tenebrae, f., darkness 

hiberna, orum, n., winter-camp 
spolia, orum, n., booty 
Olympia, orum. n., Olympic 

games 

nares, ium, f., nose 

sordes, ium, f., 1 ) dirt 

2 ) lowness of 

rank 

mai5res, um, rn., ancestors 

manes, ium, m., shades of the 

dead 

Some Substantives form 

a complete Singular and Plural in one meaning 

and a Plural only in another meaning: 

„, , Pluralia 

Plural: 



Singular. 

aqua, ae, f., water 
copia, ae, f., plenty 
littera, ae, f., letter, 

a, b, c 
fortuna, ae, f., fortune 

opera, ae, f., service, 

pains 
auxilium, I, n., help 
comitium, I, n., place 

of assembly 
hortus, l, m., garden 
impedimentum, I. n., 

hindrance 
rostrum, i, n., beak 

aedes, is, f., temple 
finis, is. m., boundary 
pars, partis, f., part 



aquae, flood 
copiae, supplies 
litterae, letters 

fortunae, good or 

ill haps 
operae, services 

auxilia, means of help 
comitia, places of 

assembly 
horti, gardens 
impedimenta, hin- 
drances 
rostra, beaks 

aedes, temples 
fines, borders 
partes, portions 



tantum : 
medicinal springs 
troops (14) 
letter-epistle 

possessions 

workmen (14) 

auxiliaries (14) 
assembly (ies) 

park, parks 
baggage 

platform (s) 

for speakers 
house (s) 
territory (ies) 
party, parties, 
role, roles 



DEFECTIVA, ABUNDANT! A 33 

64. Other defective substantives 

n Qo- • i — dicionem, onis, oni, one, f., sway \ , 

'• hg " Ifors, - - forte, {., chance J : no P 1 - 

f — opena, opis, — ope, f., help 

b. Sg.: \ — — — — prece, f., prayer; request 

[vis, vim, — — vT, f., violence; power 

fopes, opum, opibus, riches; influence 

PI. <preces, precum, precibus, prayers 

(vires, virittm, viribus, forces; strength 

c. Some substantives form the abl. sg. only: 

i u s s u imperatoris, by command of the leader 
iniussu meo, without my order 

mea, tua, sua (refl.) ) sponte> Q fmy } your, his, etc. freewill 
nostra, vestra ) v •* ~ 

grandis natu, advanced in age 

65. SUBSTANTIVA ABUNDANTIA 

(Substantives abounding in forms) 
I. a. luxuria = luxuries, luxuriam = luxuriem,f., riotous living 
materia = materies, materiam = materiem, f., building material 

b. The old gen. sg. in asys sometimes used instead of ae : 
pater fainili a s or pater* famil i a e , head of the household 
mater famili as or mater famil i a e , mistress of the house 

c. The old dat. and abl. plur. -abus, instead of is, in the 
expressions: 

dls et d e a b u s \ to the gods and goddesses 
filiis et filiabus | to the sons and daughters 
Note: When ambiguity is excluded, the dat. and abl. pi. are 
dis, filiis: ambabus dis, filiis. 

66. II. a. The gen. pi. often has um instead of orum in 
words denoting monej and measure, in the compounds 
of vir and in other words: 

nummus,.i, m., coin sestertius, I, m., sesterce (silver- 

modius, I, m., peck coin of about 5c) 

duumvir, i, m., one of the triumvir, T, m.,. \one of the 

Board of two decemvir,!, m., / Board of 3, 10 
sestertium decern milia ten thousand sesterces 
decern virum potestas the authority of the College of Ten 

praefectus fabrum leader of workmen-troops 

Hberum = Hberoruni; deum = deorum. 



34 ABUNDANTIA, GREEK WORDS 

b. Sing.: iugerum, iugeri, iugero, n., acre 
Plur.: iugera, iugerum, iugeribus, n., acres 

c. locus, I, m., place pi.: loci, m.,and loca, orum,n. 
loci, passages in books, grounds of proof 

loci aprici, sunny spots : single places 

loca haec, ea, ilia, regions : connected places 

d. iocus,i, m.,joke pi.: ioci or ioca 

e. vesper, T, m., evening ( a( * ves P er um\ un til evening 

(advesperamj to 

67. III. a.plebs,plebis,f.,co/22- 

mon people= plebes, plebei or plebi : 
plebi sci turn, decree of the people 

plebi tribunus, defender of the people's cause 

b. requies, etis, f., rest 

requietem = requiem requiete = requie 

c. Sing.:vas, vasis, vasi, n., vessel 

Plur.: vasa, vasorum, vasis, n., vessels; military baggage 

68. PARTICULAR SUBSTANTIVES 

bos, bovis, c,. ox } cow : boves, bourn, bobus-bubus 

grus, gruis, c, crane : grues, gruum, gruibus 

stis, suis c, swine : sues, suum, suibus-subus 

Anio, Allien is, m., : tributary of the Tiber 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., (from Iov-pater), Juppiter 

69. DECLENSION OF GREEK WORDS 

Pronunciation : Greek words are pronounced like Latin 

words, except that i always is vowel (4). 
Accent : Greek words are accented according to the 

same laws as Latin words (8). 
Gender : The gender of Greek words remains the 

same in Latin as it is in Greek. 
Declension : Greek words usually take Latin forms : 

bibliotheca, ae, f., library diphthongus, I, f., diphthong 
grammatica, ae, f., pAi/o/ogy periodus, I, f., a complete sentence 
poeta, ae, m., poet pelagus, T, n., sea 



DECLENSION OF GREEK WORDS 35 

GREEK FORHS 

70. FIRST DECLENSION 

Nom. -e, f.; -as and -es, m. 
Antigone, am, ae, ae, a, f., Antigone 

Aeneas, am, ae, ae, a, m., Aeneas 

Spartiates, am, ae, ae, a, m., the Spartan 

Spartiatae as, arum, is, is, m., £/ze Spartans 
Note: Also otker forms occur. 

71. SECOND DECLENSION 
Noin. sg. -eus, m.; form of address -en 

Orpheus, eum, ei, eo, eo; m., Orpheus 

( The eu in the nom. and in the form of address is a diphthong:) 

72. THIRD DECLENSION 

Nom. sg. -es, m.; -is, (paris3 T U.) f.; -ma, n. 

a. Pericles em = en, is = T, T, e, m., Pericles 

Form of address : Pericles = Pericle 
basis, im(=in), is, i, i, f., pedestal 

poema, ma, matis, matT, mate, n., poem 

poemata, mata, J ma torum p 0ema tis, n., poems 

b. aer, aeris, m., air : ace: a era 
aether, aetheris, m., ether : ace: aether a 

VOCABLES 

Penelope, ae, f., Penelope Perses, ae, m., Persian 
Note: All patronymics in des have ae : 

Atrldes, ae, m., scion of Atreus 
AristTdes, is m., Aristides poesis, is, f., work of poetry 
epigramma, atis, n., x ) inscription, 2 ) epigram 
Note: Proper Nouns in is, ys, as, like those in eus, es, drop 
the s in their form of address: 

Alexis, Alexi; Cotys, Coty; Atlas, Atla, (Gen. Atlantis) 
Names of nations often take es and as (instead of es) 
Nom. pi.: Arcades, Ace. pi.: Arcadas 

Macedones Macedonas 



36 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 



73. 



COMPARISON 



In Latin, as in English, there are three degrees of compari- 
son (gradus comparationis), 

the Positive, Comparative and Superlative 
positivus, comparativus, superlativus. 

74. The Comparative is formed by adding 

ior (m. and f.) and ius (n.) 
the Superlative, by adding 

issimus, -a, -um, to the stem (19). 



severus, 



severe; 



sever-ior, 

1 ) more severe, 

2 ) too severe; 
levis, e, light; lev -ior; 
tenuis, e, thin; tenu-ior; 
loquax, talkative; loquac-ior; 



sever-issimus 

1 ) most severe 

2 ) very severe 
lev-issimus 
tenu-issimus 
loquac- issimus 



75. Also participles when used as adjectives: 

vigilans, watchful; vigilant -ior; vigilant -issimus 
egens, poor; egent-ior; egent- issimus 

ornatus adorned; ornat-ior; ornat- issimus 

76. Note: aether tenuior est quam aer, 

the ether is thinner than the air ; 
senectus loquacior est; old age is rather talkative. 



77. 



DECLENSION OF THE COMPARATIVE (46, 50) 

The Abl. sg. ends in e; 

the Nom. Netit. pi. ends in a; 
the Gen. pi. ends in tint. 



Singular 


Plural 


m. and f. n. 


m, and f. n, 


Nom- 

Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 


severior, severius 
severiorem severius 

severioris 

severiori 

severi ore 


severiores, severi 6 r a 
severiores, severiora 

severiorum 

severioribus 

severioribus 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 37 

PECULIARITIES 

78. Adjectives in er form their Superlative hy adding rimus, 
-a, -um to the nom. sg. m.: 

pulcher, beautiful; pulchr-ior, pulcher - rimus 
liber, free' liber -ior, liber - rimus 

acer, keen; acr-ior, acer - rimus 

celer, swift; celer-ior, celer - rimus 

7"9. Adjectives in ilis form their Superlative variously: 
Five form it regularly in issimus, -a, -um : 

fertilis, utilis, mobilis, 

amabilis and nobilis; 

fertile, useful, movable, 

amiable, noble. 

80. Five adjectives change ilis into illimus : 

facilis, difficilis, easy, difficult, 
similis, dissimilis like, unlike, 
and hum ilis: and low. 

facillimus, simillimus, humilliinus. 

Note: The other adjectives in ilis usuall}' form no superlative 
in issimus (82). 

81. Adjectives in us with preceding vowel form their de- 

grees by means of magi s and maxime: 
idoneus, fit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus 

pius, pious, magis pius, maxime pius 

arduus, steep, hard, magis arduus, maxime arduus 
butaequus, fair, just, aequior, aequissimus (7) 

antlquus, ancient, antiquior, antiquissimus 

82. Note: Adjectives whose comparatives or superlatives are 
not used, and adjectives with unusual endings, may take 
magis and maxime (89): 

a. laudabilis, /laudabilior, . _ 1 - /0 _ XT . x 

praiseworthy, \magislaudabilis, maximelai;ld -( 80 ' Note ) 

alacer, livelv, Jalacrior, maxime alacer 

[magis alacer, 

b. hospitahs, hospitable, Jhospitalissimus 

magis hospitalis\maxime hospitalis 

c. rudis, unwrought, magis rudis, maxime rudis 

d. sedulus, diligent, magis sedulus, maxime sedulus 



38 



1KKEG L'L AR COM PAR I SOX 



ANOMALA: IRREGULAR FORMATIONS 

83. Adjectives in dicus, ficus, volus (=dicens, faciens, volens). 
maledicus, slanderous, maledic-entior, maledic-entissimus 
magnificus, magnificent, magnific - entior, magnific - entissimus 
benevolus, benevolent, benevol-enti or, benevol- entissimus 



84. 


bonus, 


good; 


m e 1 i o r , 


optimus 






malus, 


bad; 


p e i o r , 


pessimus 






raagnus, 


great ; 


maior, 


maximus 






parvus 


small ; 


minor, 


minimus 




85. 


Sing.: 


multus, 


much; 


no compar., 


plurimus 






multa, 


i i 


no compar., 


plurima 






multum, 


i i 


plus , 


plurimum 




Plur.: 


multi, 


many; 


plures, 


plurimi 






multae, 


" 


plures, 


plurimae 






multa, 


ii. 


pi ura, 


plurima 



Note: a. The sing, plus, a larger amount, is a substan- 
tive only : 

plus pecuniae, more money 

b. of plus no other forms than plus and pltiris are used : 

plur is hoc facio, I esteem this more highly 

c. The genitive of plures and plvira is plurium (77): 

plures, plur a, plurium, more 

complures, complura, com plurium, several 

d. plurimi = plerique; gen. only plurimorura 
plurimae = pleraeque; " " plurimarum 
plurima = pleraque, '* " plurimorum 



86. 



ABUNDANTIA 



exterior, outer extremus (extimus), outermost 

infer i or, lo wer T n f i m u s = T m u s , Jo wermost 

posterior, next in postremus, hindmost, last 

order, time, place; (postumus, lateborn) 
superior, higher; summus, highest 

(supremus, last) 
(diessupremus, day of death) 



DEFECTIVE COMPARISON 



39 



87. Note: The positive forms of the preceding adjectives 
are rare: 



exterae nationes (gentes) 



infer!, 

mare Inferum, 
poster!, 
super! d!, 



those below 

Tyrrhene Sea 
descendants 
gods on high 



Distinguish: superior, 
altior, 



foreign nations 

apud inferos in the infernal 

regions 
mare superum, Adriatic Sea 
postero die, on the following day 
omnia supera, infera etc. 

higher in place 

higher in extent upward 



DEFECTIVE COMPARISON: DEFECTIVA 

88. Defectiva gradu positivo: without a positive: (241) 
a. citerior, hither, (adj.) citimus, nearest on this side 

interior, inner intimus, inmost, intimate 

prior, £rst o ftwo; former primus, foremost, first 
propior, nearer proximus, nearest 

ulterior, farther ultimus, farthest 

o.deterior, less good; inferior, deterrimus, meanest 

potior, preferable potissimus, most important 

Distinguish : peior, worse = more bad 

deterior, worse = less good 

89. Comparative or superlative supplied by syn- 
onyms or different forms of the same adjectives : 

alacer, lively, alacrior, laetissimus (82, a.) 

ferus, wild] ferocior, ferocissimus 

frugi, worthy, honest; frugalior, frugalissimus 

gnarus, acquainted 



with a thing; skilful; 
nequam , na ugh ty ; 
novus, new; 

novissimus, last 

agmen novissimum, 
propinquus, near, 
providus, circumspect 
sacer, sacred ( to a god) sanctior, 

salutaris, wholesome, salutarior, 



peritior, peritissimus 

nequior, nequissimus 

recentior, recentissimus 

rear guard 

propior, proximus (88) 

providentior, providentissimus 
sacerrimus 
salu berrimus 



vetus, 



old, 



vetustior, veterrimus 



40 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS 

90. Note: 

a. (decern, centum) annos natus, (10, 100) years old 
maior, minor natu, older, younger 
maximus, minimus natu, oldest, youngest 

b. Cato pater or Cato maior, Cato Sr r 
Cato filius or Cato minor, Cato Jr. 

c. superior Africanus or A. maior, the elder Africa nus 
posterior Africanus, or A. minor, the younger Africanus 

d. iuvenis, man betw, 40-45; (iunior, sg., not used) 
iuniores, younger class of citizens or of senators 
senex, more than 60 years old 

senior, betw. 45 and 60 

91. STRENGTHENING OF THE DEGREES 

a. admodum difficilis 1 

valde difficilis > = difficillimus, very difficult 
perdifficilis J 

b. p a u 1 6 difficilior quam, somewhat more difficult than 
etiam difficilior quam, even more difficult than 
mult 6 difficilior quam, by far more difficult than 

c. vel difficillimus, perhaps the most difficult 
quam difficillimus, as difficult as possible 
longe difficillimus, by far the most difficult 

ADVERBS FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES 

92. Most of the adjectives of the 2d declension and some 
participles in us, when used as adjectives, form their adverbs 
by adding e to their stems (19): 

pulcher, pulchr-e, beautifully 

liber, liber -e, freely 

assiduus, assidu-e, without intermission 

ornatus, 6rnat-£, elegantly 

93. Adjectives and some Participles of the 3d declension 
.ending in ns, when used as adjectives, form their adverbs by 
adding er to their stems; adjectives of other endings add 
iter: 

clemens, clement -er, mildly, gently 

sapiens, sapient -er, wisely 

felix, felic-iter, luckily 

acer, acr - iter keenly 

similis, simil-iter, similarly 



ADVERBS 

94. Some accus. sg. neut. are used as adverbs : 

mnltum, mvch; nimium, too much; too 

paulum, little; parum, too little 

facile, easily; non facile, with difficulty 

ceterum, for the rest 

95. Many abl. &g. neut. are employed as adverbs : 



41 



cito, 

consult 6, 

continuo, 

crebro 

falso, 

fortuito, 



quickly 
on purpose 
right after 
frequently 
falsely 
by chance 



necessario, necessarily 
necopinato, unexpectedly 



(de,ex) improviso, on a*sudden 
manifesto, palpably 

mutuo, mutually 

Distinguish continuo, 



optato, 

perpetuo, 

raro, 

secret 6, 

sedulo, 

sero, 

subito, 

right after 



ace. to wish 

perpetually 

seldom 

secretly 

busily 

(too) late 

suddenly 



continenter = perpetuo = assidue 

96. To the following adjectives correspond adverbs of 
peculiar formation: 

a. bonus, bene, well; malus, male, badly 
alius, aliter, otherwise ;propinquus,prope, near 

b. au d ax , audacter, b oldly ; so Hers , soller ter , skil- 

fully 

c. nequam, nequiter, 
diuturnus, diu, 
fldus, fideliter, 
repentinus, repente, 
temerarius, temere, 
recens, nil per, 

impune, 



worthlessly 

a long time 

faithfully 

suddenly 

indiscreetly 

lately 

with impunity 



d. firmus, firme or fir mi ter, firmly 

humanus, humane or humaniter, humanly ; humanely 
largus, large or largiter, abundantly 

e. certus, certe, certainly ; at least; cert 6 , with certainty] 
verus, v e r e , according to truth ; v e r o , truly; assuredly 



42 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 



97. 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 



Only such adverbs as are derived from adjectives can be 
compared. 

The Comparative of the Adverb is like the compara- 
tive of the corresponding adjective in its neuter form : (ace. sg.) 

The Superlative of the Adverb is formed from the su- 
perlative of the corresponding adjective by adding e to the 
stem (19): 

ornate ornatius ornatissime 

elegantly 1 more elegantly 1 most elegant ly 
2 too elegantly 2 very elegantly 
prudently; prudentius, prudentissime 
swiftly; celerius, celerrime 

frequently; crebrius, creberrime 

well; melius, optime 

badly ; perns, pessime 

near; propius, proxime 



a. prudenter, 
celeriter, 
crebro, 

b. bene 
male, 
prope, 
paulum 



) little; 



minus, 



non nrultum / 

nequiter, worthlessly; nequius, 

f 1 opportunely; 
mature, < matvirius, 

[ 2 early 



mmime 

nequissime 
fmaturissime 

maturrime 



98. 



IRREGULAR COMPARISON 



diu, 
saepe, 



long; 
often ; 



diutius 
saepius, 



magnopere \ ffreatly . jmagis, 

JJ \ more (in degree) \most (in degree) 



magno operej 

mtiltum, much ; 



diutissime 
saepissime 
Jmaxime 



plus, plurinrum 

more (in extent) most (in extent) 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 43 

nuper, lately ; nuperrime, quite recently 

merito, deservedly, meritissimo 

tfito, safely, ttitius tutissimo 

potius, rather, potissimum above all; 
preferably, chiefly 

prius, Jprimo, in the beginning 

before ; sooner (primum, for the first 

time; firstly 

posterius, /postremo, at last 

later \postremum, for the 

last time 

satis, enough, satius, better; more 

serviceable 

nihil o setius \ „ evertheless 
n 1 h 1 1 o m l n u s j 

n 6 n setius none the less 

99. Note: The three degrees, esp. the comparative, of adverbs 
in ee, ie, tie are very rare; they may be formed by means of 
magis and maxime; or supplied by synonymous expressions: 

assidue, continually, magis assidue, more incessantly 
assiduissime (Cic.) or maxima assiduitate, most incessantly 

NUMERALIA : NUMERALS 

100. The Question is answered by 

quot, how many? adiectiva cardinalia 

quotus, / ***<%.** orde i ? . 3 adiectiva ordinalia 

\ of which number m a ro w ? 

quoteni, how many at a time? adiectiva distributiva 

quotiens, how many times? adverbia numeralia 



44 



NUMERALS 



101. 


Card in alia 


Ordinalia 


1 


unus, a, um, one 


primus, a, um, first 


2 


duo, ae, o, two 


secundus or alter, second 


3 


tres, tria, three 


tertius, third 


4 


quattuor 


quartus 


5 


qulnque 


qulntus 


6 


sex 


sextus 


7 


septem 


septimus 


8 


octo 


octavus 


9 


novem 


nonus 


10 


decern 


decimus 


11 


tmdecim 


undecimus 


12 


duodecim 


duodecimus 


13 


tredecim 


tertius decimus 


14 


quattuordecim 


quartus decimus 


15 


qulndecim 


qulntus decimus 


16 


sedecim 


sextus decimus 


17 


septendecim 


septimus decimus 


18 


duo de viginti 


duodevlcesimus 


19 


uncle viginti 


undevlcesimus 


20 


viginti 


vlcesimus 


21 


unus et viginti 


unus et vlcesimus 




or viginti units 


or vlcesimus primus 


22 


duo et viginti 


alter et vlcesimus 




or viginti duo 


or vlcesimus alter 


23 


tres et viginti 


tertius et vlcesimus 




or viginti tres 


or vlcesimus tertius 


28 


d u o d e trlginta 


duodetricesimus 


29 


u n d e trlginta 


undetricesimus 


30 


trlginta 
quadraginta 


trl c e s i m u s 


40 


quadragesimus 


50 


qulnquaginta 


qulnquagesimus 


60 


sexaginta 


sexagesimus 


70 


septuaginta 


septuagesimus 


80 


octo ginta 


octogesimus 


90 


nonaginta 


nonagesimus 



NUMERALS 



45 



DistributTva 


Adverbia numeralia 


Notation 


singulT, ae, a, one by one 


semel, once 


I 


blnl, ae, a, two by two 


bis, twice 


II 


term, three by three 


ter, three times 


III 


qua term 


quater 


IIII - IV 


quTnT 


quTnquies or ...iens 


V 


sen! 


sexies 


VI 


septenT 


septies 


VII 


octoni 


octies 


VIII 


noveni 


no vies 


Villi - IX 


denT 


decies 


X 


iindenT 


iindecies 


XI 


duodeni 


duodecies 


XII 


term denT 


ter decies 


XIII 


quaternT denT 


quater decies 


XIIII ■ 

XIV 


qtrinl denT 


quTnquies decies 


XV 


sem denT 


sexies decies 


XVI 


septenT denT 


septies decies 


XVII 


duodevTcenT 


duodevTcies 


XVIII 


iindevTcenT 


undevTcies 


XIIII - 

XIX 


vTcenT 


vTcies 


XX 


singiilT et vTcenT 


semel et vTcies 




or vTcenT singulT 


or vTcies semel 


XXI 


bTnT et vTcenT 


bis et vTcies 




or vTcenT bTnT 


or vTcies bis 


XXII 


term et vTcenT 


ter et vTcies 




or vTcenT term 


or vTcies ter 


XXIII 


duodetrTcenT 


duodetncies 


XXVIII 


tmdetrTcenT 


undetricies 


XXIX 


trTcenT 


trTcies 


XXX 


qtiadragenT 


quadragies 


XL 


qmnquagenT 


qumquagies 


L 


sexagenT 


sexagies 


LX 


septuagenT 


septuagies 


LXX 


octo geni 


octo gies 


LXXX 


nonagenT 


nonagies 


xc 



16 



Nl'MKRALK 



100 


centum 


centesimus 


200 


ducenti, ae, a 


ducentesimus 


300 


trecentl 


treeentesimus 


400 


quadringenti 


quadringentesimus 


500 


qulngentl 


quingentesimus 


600 


ses cent! 


sescentesimus 


700 


septingentT 


septingentisimus 


800 


octingentl 


octingentesimus 


900 


nongenti 


nongentesimus 


1000 


mille 


millesimus 


2000 


duo milia 


bis millesimus 


1000000 


decies centena milia 


decies centies millesimus 


5000000 


qumquagies centena 


qumquagies centies 




milia 


millesimus 



102. DECLENSION OF THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 



The only cardinals declined are 

1, unus, duo, tres 

2, the hundreds above 

3, the plural milia 



100 



m. f. n. 


m. f 


n. 


Nom. 


unus, una, unum 


duo, duae, 


duo 


Ace. 


unum, unam, unum 


duos or duo, duas, 


duo 


Gen. 


unius 


duorum, duarum, duorum 


Dat. 


uni 


duobus, duabus, duobus 1 


Abl. 


uno una, uno 


duobus, duabu 


s, duobus | 






m. f. 


n. n. 






Nom. 


tres, tres, 


tria 


milia 








Ace. 


tres, tres, 


tria 


milia 








Gen. 


t r i u m 




milium 








Dat. 


tribus 




milibus 








Abl. 


tribus 




milibus 





103. a. Ambo, ae, o, both, is declined like duo, ae, o. (158): 

Erant itinera duo 
Amborum consulum 



Cum duabus legionibus 



NUMERALS 



47 



centeni 


centies 


C 


duceni 


dueenties 


cc 


treceni 


trecenties 


ccc 


quadringeni 


quadringenties 


cccc 


quingeni 


qumgenties 


D 


sesceni 


sescenties 


DC 


septingeni 


septingenties 


DCC 


octingeni 


octingenties 


DCCC 


nongeni 
singula milia 


nongenties 


DCCCC 


millies 


M = CI0 


bina milia 


bis millies 


MM=n 


decies cent en a milia 


decies centies millies 


Ixl 


quinquagies centena milia 


quinquagies centies millies 


Fl) 



b. mille is an indeclinable adjective, 
milia is a declinable substantive : 

mille homines : a thousand men 
mille hominum : of a thousand men 
tria milia hominum : three thousand men 
tribus milibus hominum : to three thousand men 

104. The ordinals and distributives are declined like 
adjectives of the 1st and 2d declensions; the gen pi. of the 
distributives (exc. singuli), however, usually ends in um 
instead of orum: 

singulorum; binum, binarum, binum 

Note: alter, a um, second, is declined like unus, a, um: 
gen.: alter lus; dat.:alteri. 



105. 



COMPOUND NUMERALS 



a. In numbers from 21-99 incl. 

either the lower denomination precedes with et, 

or the higher denomination precedes without et: 
sex et viginti or viginti sex. 



48 COMPOUND NUMERALS, USES OF NUMERALS 

b. In numbers above 100 

the higher denomination precedes the lower one, usu- 
ally without et: 

101 - centum (et) unus 

110 - centum (et) decern 

126 = centum vlgintl sex 

2300 men ■ duo milia trecenti homines 

or duo milia hominum et trecenti 
with 2300 men » cum duobus milibus trecentls homnibus 
Note: Unus must be separated from a plural substantive : 
unus et viginti milites 
unius et viginti militum 
unum et viginti milia hominum 

c. The compounds of tens with 8 or 9 are commonly ex- 
pressed by subtraction, duo- and un- remaining unchanged: 

duodetriginta naves, 28 ships 
undecentum nautae, 99 sailors 
but duae et triginta naves, 32 ships 

USES OF NUMERALS 

106. An " infinite " number is expressed by 

sescenti, millesimus, mlllies: 
sescenti ceciderunt, thousands fell 

vix millesima est pars an utterly small fraction 

millies melius est this is infinitely better 

lOT. Dates and hours are expressed by cardinals: 

In 1821 : anno millesimo octingentesimo vicesimo uno (or 

primo): 

at 3 o'clock* / exemr te hora nona or ineunte hora decima 
\modernized : hora tertia (i. e. exeunte) 

108. Pr actions (partes) are expressed by cardinals and 
ordinals: the numerator by cardinals, the denominator by 
ordinals ; 

tres septimae (partes is understood) = % 
However, 
a. if the numerator is 1, the denominator only is given; 
septima pars = Vi\ decima pars = Mo; 



USES OF NUMERALS 49 

b. if the numerator is but one smaller than the denomina- 
tor, the numerator only is mentioned: 

sex partes = 6 / 7 ; novem partes = 9 Ao 

c. dimidia pars = y 2 . 

109. Distributives are used 

a.: to express "so many apiece, so many at a time " 

den a iugera in stngulos discripsit: 
he alotted ten acres to each one. 

Note: 1. One of the two distributives is sometimes replaced 
by a cardinal : 

decern iugera in singulos discripsit; 
dena iugera in cives discripsit. 
2. If "each, apiece " is understood, it is not expressed : 
unum 6s habemus, duos pedes, duas manus. 
b.: excepting singulT and term, the distributives are used as 
cardinals with nouns plural in form, but singular 
in meaning- : 

binae litterae, two epistles; 

110. Note: Uni and trim take the place of singuli and term. 

111. Note: a. Uni and trim have one meaning, 

singuli and tern! have two meanings, 
bin!, quatern! etc. have three meanings, 
unae, trinae litterae : one, three letters (epistles) 

singulae, ternae, litterae: J 017e ' tJ J ree characters at a time 

\ one, three letters at a time 

( two, four etc. letters 
binae, quaternae etc. Pae: < two, four etc. characters at a time 

{ two, four etc. letters at a time 

(See also 158) 
b. duo liber! - two children : 

Liber! is plural both in form and in meaning. 

112. Numeral adverbs and distributives are employed in the 

MULTIPLICATION TABLE 



1X1 = 


1 


: semel unum est unum 


2X1 = 


2 


bis singula sunt duo 


3X1 = 


3 


ter singula sunt tria 


1X3 = 


3 


semel tria sunt tria 


2X3 = 


6 


. bis terna sunt sex 


3X3 = 


9 


: ter terna sunt novem 



50 



NUMERALS, PRONOUNS 



113. Multiplicativa : Adjectives in plex, plicis. 



simplex, 

duplex, 

triplex, 



one - fold 
two- fold 
three - fold 



quadruplex, four -fold 
septemplex, seven -fold 
decemplex , ten - fold 



114. Adverbia numeralia in um (formed from the or- 
dinals): 

primum, iterum, tertium postremum, 

for the first, second, third la st time; 

iterum consul, consul for the second time . 

115. Note: a. Distinguish the preceding series from the fol- 
lowing : 

primum, deinde, turn, turn postremo or denique, 

firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly 

or: in the 1st place, then, next lastly 

b. primo at first; deinde, afterward ; postea, later on 

PRONOMINA 

116. I. Pronomina personalia - Personal Pronouns 

There are reflexive and non-reflexive personal pro- 
nouns; they are reflexive, when they refer to the subject of the 
sentence; otherwise they are non-reflexive. 

117. FIRST PERSON 



Non-reflexive Forms Reflexive Forms 


Singular 


Nom. 
Ace. 
Gen. 
Dat. 

Abl. 


ego, 
me, 
mei, 
mihi, 

/a me, 

\mecum, 


I 

me (23) 

of me 

to or for me 

by me 

with me 


me, myself (as object: 23) 
me!, of myself 
mihi, to or for myself 
a me, by myself 
mecum, with myself 


Plural 


Nom. 
Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 


nos, 

nos, 
/nostri 
\ nostrum 

nobis 
/a nobis, 
\nobiscum 


we 
us 

of us 
, of, among us 

to or for us 

by us 
with us 


nos, ourselves( as object :23) 
nost r i , of ourselves 
nostrum, of, among our- 
selves 
nobis, to or for ourselves 
a nobis, by ourselves 
nobiscum, with ourselves 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS 



51 



118. 



SECOND PERSON 



Non-reflexive Forms 



Reflexive Forms 



Singular 



Nom. 
Ace. 
Gen. 
Dat. 

Abl. 



tu, thou, you 

te, you (object 23) 

tui, of you 

tibi, to or for you 
/ate, by you 
\ tecum, with you 



te, yourself (object 23) 
tui, of yourself 
tibi, to or for yourself 
/ate, by yo urself 
\ tecum , with yo urself 



Plural 



Nom. vos, you 

vos, you (object) 

/vestrl, of you 
(vestrum, of,amongyou 



Ace. 
Gen. 



Dat. 

Abl. 



vobis, to or for you 

/a vobis, by you 
\vobiscum, with you 



yos, yourselves (object) 

/ vestr T , of yourselves 
(vestrum, of, among your- 
selves 

vobis, to or for yourselves 

f a vobis , by yo ur selves 
\vobiscum, with yourselves 



119. Note : a. Nostri and vestrl are objective genitives: 
Memor nostri, vestrl, mindful of us, you; 

b. Nostrum and vestrum are partitive genitives : 
Quis vestrum, who of you? Nemo nostrum, no one of us 

c. But nos (vos) omnes, all of us (you) 

Genitive: nostrum (vestrum) omnium 

Dative : nobis (vobis) omnibus 

fa nobis (vobis) omnibus 
Ablative :< nobiscum omnibus 
cum omnibus vobis 



120 



THIRD PERSON 



Afore : The non-reflexive form for the nominative of the 
third person is wanting; but it is replaced by the nominative 
of the determinative pronoun; the non-reflexive forms for the 
oblique cases, however, are the same as the corresponding 
forms of the determinative pronoun. 



52 



PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 



Non-reflexive Forms 



Reflexive Forms 



Singular 



Nom. 
Ace. 
Gen. 
Dat. 

Abl. 



is, ea, id, he, she, it 
eum, earn, id, him, her, it 

eius, of him 

el, to him 

(eo, ea, eo, by means 
I of.... 

labeo, by him; cum eo, 
with him 



— t [object) 

se, himself, herself, itself 

sui, of himself, hers., its. 

sibi, to himself, hers., its. 

(a) se, by himself, by her- 
self, by itself 
secum, with himself with 
herself, with itself 



Plural 



Nom. 
Ace. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Abl. 



ii (ei),eae,ea, they 



eos, eas, ea, them 
e5rum 
earum 
eorum 
ils (els) 
f iis (eis) 
ab iis, by them 

cum iis, with them 



of them 

to them 
by means of 



se, themselves (object) 

sui, of themselves 

sibi, to themselves 

/ ( a ) se, by themselves 
\secum 9 with themselves 



se laud at, he praises himself, his own person 
eum laudat, he praises him, smother person 



STRENGTHENED FORMS 

121. Note: Many forms of the personal pronouns can be 
strengthened : se by reduplication , tu by appending te, 
the other forms, exc. the non-refl. 3d person and the gen. 
(pi.), by appending met: 

egomet, memet, mihimet; nosmet, noblsmet 



tute, 

sese, 



temet, 

sese, 



tibimet; 
sibimet, 



vosmet, 
a. sese 



vobismet 



122. PRONOMINA POSSESS1VA POSSESIVE PRONOUNS 



Non-reflexive Forms 


Reflexive Forms 


1st and 2d Person 


1st and 2d Persons: 


All cases of 


The oblique cases of 


meus, a, urn, my 


meus, a, um, my 


noster, a, um, our (30) 


noster, a, um, our 


tuus, a, um, your (sg.) 


tuus, a, um, your (sg.) 


vester, a, um, your (pi.) 


vester, a, um, your (pi.) 


3d Person: 


3d Person: 


The unchangeable genitives 


All cases of 


eius, his, her, its 


suus, a, um, h is etc. own 


eorum, earum, eorum their 


suus, a, um, their own 



POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 53 

123. 
Notel: Meus, noster, tuus, vester and suus are pronominal 

adjectives of the 1st and 2d decl. (30); 

eius, eorum, earum, are the unchangeable genitives 

of the determinative pronoun (120, 128). 
Note 2\ If the possessive is understood from the context, it is 

omitted: amlcum laudat, he praises his (own) friend 
124-. Suus is used to refer : 

a) to the subject: 

amlcum suum laudat, he praises his own friend 

b) to the object, when it means "his own" : 

amicus suus eum non laudat] his own fdend 

amicus suus ei non fidit / 

Eius is used in all other cases : 
amicus eius mortuus est, his friend is dead 
(referring to a word mentioned previously) 
amlcum eius laudat, he praises his friend (another 
person's whose name is already known). 



125. STRENGTHENED FORMS 

suopte pondere, 
suapte manu, 



by its own weight 
with his own hand 



PRONOMINA DEMONSTRATIVA: DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
126. 



Hie, 


haec, 


hoc, 


this (near me) 


iste, 


ista, 


istud, 


that (near you) 


ille, 


ilia, 


illud, 


that (near him) 





Siu 


gular 




Plural 


Nom. 


hie, 


haec, 


hoc 


hi, 


hae, 


haec 


Ace. 


hunc, 


hanc, 


hoc 


hos, 


has, 


haec 


Gen. 




huius 




horum 


harum 


horum 


Dat. 




huTc 






his 




Abl. 


hoc, 


hac, 


hoc 




his 




Nom- 


ille, 


ilia, 


illud 


illi, 


illae, 


ilia 


Ace. 


ilium, 


illam, 


illud 


illos, 


illas, 


ilia 


Gen. 




illius 




illorum 


, tllarum, 


illorum 


Dat. 




ilia 






illis 




Abl. 


illo 


ilia, 


illo 




illis 





54 



DEMONSTRATIVE AND DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS 



127. Note 1 : Iste is declined like ille. 

Note 2: The forms of hie ending in s may be strength- 
ened by ce: 

huiusce, hosce, hasce, hisce. 
Note 3: A secondary form for hae is haec. 
Note 4 : Rare forms for ille and iste are : 
illic, illaec, illuc; istic, istaec, istuc (ace. on last:8, c) 

Note 5: When the interrogative ne is appended to the old 
forms in ce, the ending -cene is weakened into cine: 
hicine, haecine, hocine, illicine ? 

PRONOMINA DETERMINATIVA: DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS 



128. The determinative pronouns specify the objects for 
which they stand by referring 

either to something preceding 
or to a relative following : 
Is, ea, id : 1 ) he, she, it, that one (person or thing men- 
tioned before); 
2 ) he, she, that (as antecedent to a relative 

following"): 
idem, eadem, idem, the same; 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, -self (130). 
Note: The declension of is is given in n. 120; (see also 
123.) 



129. Singular 


Plural 




Nom. 


idem 


eadem 


idem 


idem eaedem 


eadem 


Ace. 


enndem eandem 


idem 


eosdem easdem 


eadem 










eorundem 




Gen. 




eiusdem 


L 


eartmdem 


eorundem 


Dat. 




eidem 




Isdem 




Abl. 


eodem 


eadem 


eodem 


lsdem 




Nom 


ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


ipsi ipsae 


ipsa 


Ace. 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


ipsos ipsas 
ipsorum 


ipsa 


Gen. 




ipsius 




ipsarum 












ipsorum 


Dat. 




ipsi 




ipsis 




Abl. 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


ipsis 





DETERMINATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 



55 



130. Distinguish the determinative self from the re = 

flexive self: 

a. The determinative self, ipse, which is used to 
emphasize a word, agrees in gender, number and case with 
its substantive or pronoun: 

ipsi pueri : the boys themselres 
i}>s6rum puerorum : of the boys themselves 
egomet ipse, nostrum ipsorum, nobismet ipsis 

b. The reflexive self, se, sui, sibi, never modifies, 
but refers to the subject only, being dependent in case on the 
word by which it is governed : 

(ipse) se laudat : he praises himself 

(ipsa) sui immemor est : she is unmindful of herself 

(ipsi) sibi consulunt : they care for themselves 

131. Instead of the plural idem, also iidem and eldem, 
instead of the plural Tsdem, also ilsdem and eisdem occur. 

132. PRONOMINA RELATIVA = RELATIVE PRONOUNS 

Qui, quae, quod, who, which 



Singular 




Plural 




Nom. 


qui quae 


quod 


qui quae 


quae 


Ace. 


quern quam 


quod 


quos quas 


quae 


Gen. 


cuius 




quorum quarum 


quorum 


Dat. 


CUl 




quibus 




Abl. 


(a quo a qua. quo 

\ quocum quacum quocum 


a quibus qui 
quibuscum 


bus 



133. Note 1 : The relative refers to a substantive or pronoun, 
expressed or understood, called its antecedent: 

puer, qui bonus est laudatur 

qui bonus est, is laudatur 
qui bonus est, laudatur. 

134. Note 2: Instead of quocum also cum quo, 

" " quacum " cum qua, 

" " quibuscum " cum quibus occurs. 



56 GENERAL RELATIVES, INTERROGATIVE S 

135. GENERAL RELATIVES 

Relative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs may be made 
general in signification by taking cumque or by being 
doubled : 

1. Quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, 

whatever 
are declined like qui, quae, quod, cumque remaining un- 
changed : 

cuiuscumque, cuicumque...; 
they are both substantives: quicumque bonus est, laudatur, 
and adj eetives : quaecumque res 

2. Quisquis (subst.), whoever 
quidquid (subst.), whatever 
quoquo modo, in whatever manner 

Note: Of quisquis only the 3 preceding forms are in common 
use. 

PRONOMINA INTERROGATIVA : INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 

136. Quis, who? Quid, what? 

(used as substantives.) 



Singular 


Plural 


Nom. 


quis quid 


qui quae 


Ace. 


quern quid 


quos quae 


Gen. 


cuius 


quorum 


Dat. 


CUl 


quibus 


Abl. 


a quo quo 


a quibus quibus 



Note : Quis is either niasc. or of indeterminate gender: 
m . or f . 

137. Qui, quae, quod, what kind of? what? which? 
are used as adjectives; they are declined like the relative. 

138. Uter, utra, utrum, f which of two persons ? 

{which or what of two things? 

are used both as substantives and as adjectives. (Decl. 
154) 



Substantives 

quisnostrum, who ofus(many)? 
uter nostrum, which of us two ? 
quid factum est, what has hap- 
pened ? 



Adjectives 

qui rex, what kind of 

king ? 
utra manus, which hand? 
quod facinus, what outrage ? 



INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 57 

139. STRENGTHENED FORMS OF THE INTERROGATIVE 

Sub s tanti ves 

Quisnam, quidnam ? who, what indeed '? 

quis tandem, quid tandem? who, what in the world ? 

Adjectives 
Quinam, quaenam, quodnam ? of what kind indeed? 
quae nam res ? quae tandem res ? 
140. 

Note: Qui (an old abl.) = quo modo? In what manner, how? 

Qui fit ? How does it happen ? 

141. PRONOMINAINDEFINITA: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 



Used as Substantives 


Used as Adjectives 


1. aliquis aliquid 

someone something 

dicit aliquis, someone says 
dicit aliquid, he says something 

2. quis quid 

some one anything 

(used especially after si, n i s 

si quis, if any one 
si quid, if anything 

. /lit: lest any one 
ne quis,| ugu . that no one 

ne quid that nothing" 


aliqui, aliqua, aliquod 
some 

aliqui rex aliqua res 
aliquod verbum aliqua verba 

qui, quae or qua, quod 
any 

i, ne, num and relatives) 

si qui rex, si quae or qua res 
si quod verbum, si quae or 

qua verba 
nequipuer, that no boy 
ne qua causa, that no cause I 
ne qua verba, that no words] 



142. Note 1 : The compounds of quis and qui are declined like 
quis and qui. 

But aliqua - x ) fem.sg. nom.; 2 )neut.pl.n.and ace. of aliquis; 
quae or qua = 1 ) fem.sg. nom.; 2 )neut. pi. n. and ace. of quis. 
The prefix ali- and the appended syllables remain unchanged. 

143. Note 2\ quis and aliquis are sometimes used as adjectives; 

qui and aliqui are sometimes used as substantives: 
si quis rex = si qui rex 
si qui dicit = si quis dicit 

144. Note 3: quispiam, quaepiam, quippiam (quidpiam) = 

aliquis, aliquid 
quispiam, quaepiam, quoppiam (quodpiam) = 

aliqui, aliquae, aliquod. 

145. Note 4 : num quis = ecquis; num qui = ecqui 

num quis dixit, did any one say ? 

ecqua cT vitas est, is there perhaps any city ? 



58 
146 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS CONTINUED 



Used as Substantives 


Used as Adjectives 


3 neuter, neutra,neutrum 
neither of two 


neuter, neutra, neutrum 
neither of t wo 


4 nemo nobody: 

nemo, neminem, nullius 
nemini, a null 6 
nihil, nothing: 
nihil, nihil, nullius rel 
nulli rei, nulla re 


n u 1 1 u s , nulla, nullum 

(154) 

no 


5 Sg". quisquam, ulla, quidquam 
pi. ulli, ullae, ulla 
anybody 

nemo venit, nobody came 
neque quisquam venit, 
(and not anyone), i. e. 

and nobody came 
nihil fecit, he did n o thing 

neque quidquam fecit, 

and he did nothing 


ullus, ulla, ullum 
ulli, ullae, ulla 
any 

nulla spes no hope 

neque ulla spes, 

(and not any) i.e. stud no hope\ 

sineullaspe, without any 

hope\ 



147. Note: Nemo and quisquam, instead of nullits and ullus, 
are added; 

a. to adjectives used as personal raasc. substantives 

b. often to personal masculine substantives: 

a. nemo Romanus, no Roman 
neque quisquam doctus, and no learned man 

b. nemo ci vis, no citizen 
neque quisquam servus, and no slave 

But : nulla res, no thing* 



neque ulla res, 



and no thing 



148. Used as Stibstantives 



6 quidam:quaedam, 

quidd am 
a certain one 
Note: md is changed into nd : 
quendam, quandam, 

quorundam 



Used as Adjectives 



quid am, quaedam, 

quod dam 
a certain 
amicus quid am, a certain 

friend 

(who might be named, if 

necessary) 



GENERAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 
GENERAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 



59 



149. Used as Substantives 



7. q ti i s q u e , quid que 



Used as Adjectives 



quisque, quaeque, 

quod que 

each (severally) 



each one severally 

Note: Quisque usually follows: 
a superlative : optimus quisque, all the best 
an ordinal : quotus quisque, how few (in leading cl. 

only) 
quinto quoque anno, every fourth year 
tertio quoque die every other day 
a reflexive : pro se quisque, each to the best of his 

power 
sim. a relative, an interrogative pronoun or adverb 



150. 

8. unusquisque, ununa- unusquisque, -quaeque, 

quidque -quodque 

each one individually each (individually) 

Gen.: u museums que 
Dat.: uniculque. 



151. 

9. uterque, utraque, kterque, utraque, 

utrumque utrumque 

each of two separately each of two separately 

(Seen. 154 and 158) 



152. Note 1: -quisque and uterque are distributive; 

see n. 149-151 
Omnes and ambo are collective; 
omnes = all together 
ambo = two together, both 

153. Note 2: Other general indefinite pronouns are: 



Used as Substantives 


Used as Adjectives 


10 quivis, quaevis; quidvis 

any one you will 

11 quilibet, quaelibet, 

quidlibet 
any one you please 

12 utervis, utravis, utrumvis 

either of two you vsill 

13 uterlibet, utrafibet, 

utrumlibet 
either of two you please 


qui vis, quaevis, quod vis 

any you will 

quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet 

any you please 

utervis, utravis, utrumvis 
either of two you will 
uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet 
either of two you please 



GO PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 

ADIECTIVA PRONOMINALIA: PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 

154-. Units, solus, tot us, ullus, 

Uter, alter, neuter, n ullus, 

And as ninth add alius. 



Singular 


Plural 


Nom. 


unus, una, unum 


mri, unae, 


una 


Ace. 


unum, unam, unum 


unos, unas, 


una 


Gen. 


unius 


unorum, unarum, 


unorum 


Dat. 


uni 


unis 




Abl. 


uno, una, uno 


unis 





unus, 


a, um, 


orze 


solus, 


a, um, 


alone 


totus, 


a, um, 


whole 


ullus, 


a, um, 


any 



uter, utra, utrum, which of two 
alter, altera, alterum, 

the other 
neuter, neutra, neutrum .neither 
nullus, a um, none 

alius, alia, aliud, another 

155. iVote 1 : The gen. sg. of alter, a, um, is al terms 

The gen. sg. of alius, a, ud, is alterius; (alius is rare). 

156. Note 2 \ Uter is both an interrogative (138) and an 
an indefinite relative: 

Utrum tibi commodum est, elige : 
choose the one of the two which suits you 

157. Note 3: Alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, any of two 

alter uter, altera utra, alteram utrum, any of two 

Gen. alterutrius; alterius utrius 
Distinguish : 
Uter puer, which of the two boys 

uterque puer, each of the two boys, both (152) 
alter puer, one of the two boys 
neuter puer, neither of the two boys 
alteruter puer, either of the two boys 

158. Note 4: The plural of uterque is used 

a. esp. of two individual subjects regarded as belong- 
ing together : 

utrique scyphi, both goblets 

utraeque eius uxores, both his wives 

b. with pluralia tantum: 

utraeque litter ae both letters 

c. to denote a plurality on two sides: 

utrique, both parties 



CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS 61 

159. CORRELATIVES 

The relation of question and answer is expressed by 
correlative pronouns and adverbs. 

160. Pronomina Correlativa: Correlative Pronouns 



Question 



Interrogative 



quis, 



who? 



Definite Answer 



Determ. & Relative 



is, qui, 



he who 



qualis, of what sort?] talis, qualis, such as 
qu&ntus, how I tantus, quantus, 

great ?\ so great as 

quantum, how jtantum, quantum, 

mvch? so much as 

quot, how many ?\ tot, quot, so many as 

| Ncte: tot and quot are indeclinable. 



Indefinite Answer 



Indefinite Pron. 



aliquis, someone 



aliquantum, not a 

little 
aliquot, several; 
a goodly number 



161. Note: Totidem, just as many, tantundetn Just as much 

quotquot = quotcumque how many soever 

162. Note: Tantus, a, um and quantus, a, um,are adjectives; 

tantttm, i,n., and quantum, T, n.,are substantives : 
tanta pecunia = tantum pecuniae, so much money 

163. Correlative Pronominal Adverbs 



I. 



Adverbia loci * Adverbs of Place 



1. Interrogativa\ubi, where; unde, whence 
et r e 1 a t i v a /quo, where, whither qua (via) , hy 
what way 



2. Determinatlva 3. Demonstratlva 



i b l , there 
ibidem, in the same 
place 



hie, here 

is tic, there (near 

you) 
illic, there (near 

him) 



4. Indefmita 



e 6 , there - thither 
eodena , to the 

same place 

i n d e , thence, from 
there 
indidem, from the 
same place 

e a , on that side 
eadem, by the 

same way 



hue , here * hither 
istuc, there = thither 
illuc, there = thither 



alicubi, somewhere 

alibi, elsewhere 

usquam ? a77vwizere 

(in sent, with neg. 

meaning' ) 



h i n c , hence, from 

here 
istinc, thence (2d p.) 
illinc, thence (3d p.) 



hac, by this way 1 
istac, by that way 2 
iliac, by that way 3 



aliquo, to some place 
alio, to another pi. 
quoquam, to any pi. 



alicunde, from some- 
where 
aliunde, from anoth. 
— [place 



aliqua, on some way 
alia, on another w. 



62 



CORRELATIVE ADVERBS 



General Relatives 
ubicumque, wherever 
quocumque, to whatever place 
undecumque, from whatever pi. 



General Indefinites 

ubique, everywhere 

nusquam, nowhere 

undique, from all sides 



164-. Aliquo loco = alicubi somewhere 

alio loco = alibi elsewhere 

(in) omnibus locis everywhere 

Note: Ubique is used almost exclusively after relative and 

interrogative pronouns : 

omnes, qui ubique sunt all, wherever they may be 



165. II. Adverbia temporis 



Adverbs of Time. 



1. Interrogativa \ quando (int. and r€ ^-)\ wn en 
et relativa f cum (relative) J 

quotigns, how often 
quam diu, how long 



2. Determinativa 



turn \ then, 
tunc) at that time 

cum , turn... 

when..., then... 
antea, before (any 
fixed time) 

postea, after (any 
fixed time) 



totiens, so often 
(totiens, quotiens) 



tarn diu, so long 
(tarn diu, quam diu) 



3. Demons trativa 



nunc, now 



ante h a c , before 
(this present 

time) 
posthac, after(this 
present time) 



adhuc, until now 



4. Indefinita 



aliquando, at 

some time 
alias, at another 

time 
umquam (in neg. 
sent.), 
at any time 



aliquotiens, some, 
i. e. several times 



aliquamdiu, for 
some (considerable) 
time 



General Relatives 

quandocumque, whenever 
quotienscumque, however 

often 



General Indefinites 

numquam, never 



166. Note: a. quondam, at a certain time ; formerly 

like quidam, a certain one 
b. olim, 1 ) formerly; 2 ) at a future date 



VERBUM FINITUM ET INFINITUM 



63 



167. III. Adverbia modi : Adverbs of Manner and Degree 



Interrogativa et relativa 



ut, (utij, how 



(esp. before adj. and 

adv.) 
how 

quam bonus, how good 
quam bene, how well 



Determinativa 



f 1 ) so, in such a 
. J manner 

ita, sic< 2 ) SO) to such a 

[ degree 

item, itidem, in the same 

manner 

tani f ^ es P' before a ^j • an( ^ a ^ v - ) 
\ so 

tarn fortis, so brave 

tarn fortiter, so bravely 



168. Note: Tot puerl = tarn mult! pueri 
General Rel. : utcumque = howsoever 

169. VERBS 

The inflection of the Verb (Conjugation) comprises 

1. Verb forms proper (verbum finitum ), expressing 

mode, tense, voice and person, 

2. Noun forms (verbum infinitum expressing: 

— , (tense), voice and case. 



170. 



Verb Forms with Personal Endings 



3 modi 



|171. 



Indie ativus: 
(mode of real- 
ity) 

Coniuncti- 

vus: 
{mode of con- 
ception) 

Imperati- 
vus : 
(mode of com- 
mand) 



6 tempora 



Continued 

Action: 

Praesens 

Imperfectum 

Futurum I. 

Completed 

Action: 
Perfectum 
Plusquam- 

perfectum 
Futurum II. 
(exactum) 



2 genera 



Activum: 

(Subject repre- 



ss personae 



Person speak 
ing: 

sented as act- 1 st P s# S S 
ing?) 

Passivum: 
(Subject repre 



sented as act- 
ed upon) 

(About the De- 
ponens see n 
193.) 



and pi 

Person spoken 

to: 
2d ps. &g. 

and pi 
Person spoken 

about : 
3d ps. sg, 

and pi 



Noun Forms with Case Endings 



(InfmitTvus, 
Substantives:-! Gerundium, 
{ SupTnum. 



Adjectives JGerundivum, 
(Participium. 



Tenses: Praesens, Futurum, Perfectum. (See Note.) 
Voices: Activum, Passivum. 

Cases: Nominativus et casus obliqui. 



64' 



VERBS 



Note: The noun-forms of the verb have no independent tenses; 
they denote action contemporaneous, subsequent, or 
prior to that o the finite verb. 

172. INFLECTION OF THE VERB. 

The forms of the Verb are derived from three Stems, 
the Present Stem, the Perfect Stem, and the Parti- 
cipial Stem, (177) 
and, accordingly, comprise three systems, 

the Present System, the Perfect System and the Parti- 
cipial System. 

173. The manner of deriving verbal forms from the perfect 
and participial stems is the s a m e for all Latin verbs ; 
but there are four different types of derivation from the pres- 
ent stem, known as the Four Conjugations. 

174. THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 

The four conjugations are distinguished by the endings of 
the present infinite active : 

1 st: are, 

laudare 

to praise, to advise, to rule, to hear. 

175. FORMS OF THE VERB PROPER (169.) 

Everj form of the verbum finitum consists of one of the 
three stems (172) and an ending. 

The ending is made up of signs for mode, tense and 
person. The signs for mode and tense will be given in the 
single conjugations; the personal endings are contained 
in the following 

176. TABLE OF PERSONAL ENDINGS 



2d: ere, 3d: ere, 4th: ire, 
monere, regere, audire, 



Voices 


Active 


Pass. 1 
Depon. 

^hidicT | 
Subjunct. 

All Tens. 


Active Pass. 


Depon . 


Modes 


Indicative 


Subj. 


Imperative 


Tenses 


Pres. 

[and 11 

Fut. 


Impf. 
Pluperf. 


Perf. 


All Tens. 


Present 


Future 


not 
used 

not 
used 


re 
mini 


Istps.sg. 
2d " " 
3d " " 


o 

s ' 

t 


m 

s 
t 


1 

isti 

it 


m 

s 
t 


r 
ris 
tur 


noen'dg 


to 
(to) 


lstps.pl. 
2d " " 
3d " " 


mus 
tis 
nt 


mus 
tis 
nt 


mus 
istis 
erunt 


mus 
tis 
nt 


mur 
mini! 

ntur 

1 


| te 

1 


tote 
(nto) 



PRINCIPAL PARTS 



fi5 



177. 



PRINCIPAL PARTS 



Three forms of the verb are known as the principal parts, 
because they show the three stems from which all other forms 
are derived : 

1. The Present Infinitive Active 

2. The Perfect Indicative Active 

3. The Perfect Participle Passive 





Pres. Infinitive Act. 


Peri. Indie. A. 


Peri. Part. Pass. 




I. 


1 a u d - a - re 


laudav-i 


laudat-um 


to praise 


II. 


mon-e-re 


monu-i 


m o n i t -um 


to advise 


III. 


/reg-e-re 


rex-i 


rect-um 


to rule 




\cap-e-re 


cep-i 


capt-um 


to take 


IV. 


aud-I-re 


audiv-i 


audit-um 


to hear 



Note: The neuter of the perf. part. pass, (alike in form 
with the supine act.) is chosen to represent the third principal 
part, because many verbs lack the masc. and fern, forms^ 

Where all forms of the perf. part. pass, are wanting, 
the future participle active in -urus, if it occurs, is given. 

Many verbs lack the third stem, some both the second 
and third entirely. 

178. The 1st ps. sg. of the pres. indie, act., the 

"name" of the verb in the Latin dictionaries, is easily formed 

from the first principal part : 

laud -are, mon-ere, reg-ere, cap -ere, aud-ire 
laud -6, mon-eo, reg-6, cap-io, aud-io 

Note: Those verbs which change ere to io, are placed in a 
separate class. 

Note: In reciting the principal parts the 1st ps. 

sg. pres. ind. act. is always mentioned together with the first 
princ. part: 

laudare, laudo, laudavi, laudatum, praise 
or laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, praise 



66 



PRESENT SYSTEM 



179. SYNOPSIS OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM 

(containing the forms derived from the present stem) 



I. Verb Forms 



Four present tenses 
Indie, and subjunct. act. and pass. 



laud- 

o, (as) 

or 

em, (es) 

er 



mon- 

eo, (es) 
eor 
eam,(eas] 
ear 



reg- 

6, (is) 
or (eris) 
am (as) 
ar 



cap- 

io, (is) 
ior, (eris) 
iam,(ias) 
iar 



aud- 
io (is) 
ior 

iam, (ias) 
iar 



Four imperfect tenses : 
Indie, and subjunct. act. and pass. 



abam 


ebam 


ebam 


iebam 


iebam 


abar 


ebar 


ebar 


iebar 


iebar 


arem 


erem 


erem 


erem 


Irem 


arer 


erer 


erer 


erer 


irer 



The 1st future indie, act. and pass. 
(The 1st and 2d futures form no subjunctive) 



abo 
abor 



ebo 
ebor 



am (es) 
ar (eris) 



iam (ies) 
iar (ieris) 



iam(ies) 
iar (ieris) 



The imperative active (Pass, not used.) 
a i e e j e I 



II. Noun Forms 



The present infin. act. and pass. 



are 
ari 



ans 



ere 
en 



ere 
I 



ere 
I 



ire 
iri 



The present participle active 

(The pres. part, forms no passive) 



I ens 



ens 



iens I iens 



The gerund and the gerundive 

andi | endi | end! | iendi | iendT 

andus | endus | endtis iendus iendus 



PERFECT AND PARTICIPIAL SYSTEMS 67 

180. SYNOPSIS OF THE PERFECT SYSTEM 

containing five verb -forms and one noun -form of the 
Active Voice 

Perfect indicative and subjunctive 
P 1 u p f . indicative and subjunctive 
2d Fut. indicative (no subjunctive) 

Perfect infinitive : 

laudav-, monu-, rex-, cep-, audiv- 

i erim 

eram issem 
ero — 
isse 

181. SYNOPSIS OF THE PARTICIPIAL SYSTEM 

containing 

I. Five verb -forms of the 

Passive Voice : 

P e r f e c t indicative and subjunctive 

Plupf. indicative and subjunctive 

2d Fut. indicative (no subjunctive) : 

laudat-, monit-, rect-, capt-, audit- 

us, a, um; T, ae, a 



sum sim 
eram essem 
ero — 

II. Seven noun-forms: 

Perf. participle passive: us etc., i etc. 

Perf. infinitive passive: um etc., os etc. esse 

Fut. participle active: urns etc., uri etc. 

Fut. infinitive active: usum etc., uros etc. esse 

1st and 2d supines: um, u (unchangeable) 

Fut . infinitive passive : um Iri ( unchangeable ) 



68 

182. 



FIRST 

laudare, laudo, laudavi, laudatum praise 



ACTIYUM 



Indicativus 



laud -6, I praise, am praising, do p. 

laud - as, thou praisest {you praise) 

laud -at, he (she, it) praises 

laud - amus, we praise 

laud - atis, you praise 

laud - ant, they praise 



Coniunctivus 



laud - abam, I was praising, praised 
laud - abas, thou wast(you were) praising 

laud-abat, he was praising 

laud - abamus, we were praising 
laud -abatis, you were praising 
laud-abant, they were praising 



laud-abo, 
laud-abis, 
laud-abit, 

laud-abimus, 

laud-abitis, 

laud-abunt, 



I shall praise, 
you will praise 
he will praise 

we shall praise 
you will praise 
they will praise 



laudav -I, I praised, / have praised 

laudav-isti, you praised 
1 au d av - i t , he pra ised 

laudav-imus, we praised 
laudav -istis, you praised 
laudav - erunt, they praised 



laud - em 

laud-es 
laud-et 

laud -emus 

laud-etis 

laud-ent 



laud-arem 
laud -ares 
laud - aret 

laud-aremus 

laud-aretis 

laud-arent 



laudav -erini 
laudav -eris 
laudav -er it 

laudav -erimus 
laudav -eritis 
laudav -erint 



183. The subjunctive is used to express e. g.: 

Cause \ cum laud em since I praise 

(all ps.) f cum non laudem since I do not praise 

Result \ ut laudem (so) that I praise 

(all ps.) ( ut non laudem (so) that I do not praise 



CONJUGATION 



laudare, laudo, laudavi, laudatum praise 


PASSIYUM 


Indicativus 


Coniunctlvus 


laud -or, / am praised, being" p'd 
1 1 aud - aris, you are praised 
\ laud - atur, he is praised 

laud- amur, we are praised 
i laud - amini, you are praised 
laud - antur, they are praised 


laud-er 
laud - eris 
laud -etur 

laud-emur 

laud-emini 

laud-entur 


laud - abar, I was (being) praised 
laud - abaris, you were praised 
1 laud - abatur, he was praised 

j laud - abamur, we were praised 
i laud -abamini, you were praised 
\ laud - abantur, they were praised 


laud -arer 
laud-areris 
laud -aretur 

laud - aremur 
laud-aremini 
laud - arentur 


j laud - abor, I shall be praised 
| laud - aberis, you will be praised 
laud - abitur, he will be praised 

laud - abimur, we shall be praised 
laud-abimini, you will be praised 
laud - abuntur, they will be praised 




laudat-us sum, I was praised, have b. p„ 
a |es, you were praised 
um /est, he was praised 

laudat-i sumus, we were praised 
ae \estis, you were praised 
a /sunt, they were praised 


laud - atus sim 
a \sis 
um / sit 

laud - ati slmus 
ae \sitis 
a /sint 



Purpose\ ut laudem, (in order) to praise; that I praise 
(allps.) (ne laudem, not top., lest I p., that I donotp. 

Kxhortation \ laudemus, let us praise 
(lstpers.) /ne laudemus, let us not praise 



70 

184. 



FIRST 



ACTIVUM 



Indicativus 



<-£ laudav 
^laudav- 
g laudav 

cr laudav 
■2 laudav 
E laudav 



eram , I had praised 
eras , you had praised 
erat, Ae Aac/ praised 

eramus, we had praised 
eratis, you had praised 
erant, they had praised 



laudav- 
laudav- 
laudav- 

laudav- 
laudav 



ero, 
eris, 
erit 

erimus, 
eritis, 



£ laudav -erint, 



I shall have praised 
you will have praised 
he will have praised 

he shall have praised 
he will have praised 
they will have praised 



Coniunctivus 



laudav -issem 
laudav -isses 
laudav -isset 

laudav -issemus 
laudav-issetis 
laudav -issent 



g f Pre.: laud -a praise thou laud -ate praise ye 
<»><Ft. : laud-ato thou sh alt pr. laud-atote ye shall praise 
g £ [Ft. : (laud- at o he shall praise laud-anto they shall pr. 




laud - are 
laud-avisse 
laud-aturum etc. esse 



to praise 

to have praised 

to be about to pr.(181,II) 



53 (u (Pre.: 



laud-ans, (laudantis, 52)praising 

laudat-urus, etc. about to praise (181, II) 



(praising, to praise) 
( to or for) praising 
of praising 
to or for praising 
by praising 



(Norn, 
, ^ I Ace. 
<3 c<!Gen. 
as Dat. 

|Abl. 



(laud -are) 

(ad) laud - andum 

laud-andi 

laud-ando (rare); 

laud-ando 



Supine I. laudat-um in order to praise (only with verbs of 

motion) 



Supine II. laudat-u to praise (only after fas, facilis etc.) 



185. (Tu = subject nom.) es puer probus 

Puto te (subject ace.) esse puerum probum 
/ believe you to be an honest boy 



71 



CONJUGATION 



PASSIVUM 



Indie ativus 



laudat - us u 
a 

um 



[eras, 
erat, 



laudat-i 
ae 
a 



)eraraus, 
gratis, 
jerant, 



I had been praised 
you had been praised 
he had been praised 

we had been praised 
you had been praised 
they had been pr. 



laudat -uslero, 

a J-eris, 

um J erit, 



I shall have been pr. 
you will h. b. praised 
he "will h. b. praised 



land at - T ] erimus, we shall h.b. praised 
ae >eritis, you will h.b. praised 
a J erunt, they willh. b. praised 



Coniunctivus 



laudat - usl essem 
a >esses 

um J esset 

laudat - 1] essemus 
ae >essetis 
a J essent 



Not used 



I. praesentis : lauda-ri to be praised 

I. pei-fecti : laudat -um etc., esse to have been praised 

I. fiituri : laudat-umlri (181,11.) to be about to be pr. 



P. praesentis 
P. perfect! 
P. futuri 



laudat - us etc. praised, ha ving been praised 



^ erun -:la U d-ancl US etcJlK he ' she '. k) that tnxist be pr'd) 
divum 1 2 ) deserving" to be praised 



Puto patrem laud -are 
puto eum laud-avisse 
puto eum laud-aturum esse 
puto pueros laud - ari 
puto eos laud-atos esse 

Puto matrem laud - atum TrT 

186. Laud -aturus sum 
Laud - and u s sum 
Laud-andum est 



I think (that) the father pr' s 
I think (that) he (has)praised 
I think (that) he will praise 
I think (that) the boys are p. 
I think (that) they have 

been praised 
I think (that) the mother 

will be praised 
I am about to praise 
I must be praised 
One must praise (192) 



72 

187. 



SECOND 



monere, monuT, monitum to advise 



ACTIYUM 



Pres. 



Impf. 



Fut. I. 



Perf. 



PIup. 



Fut. II 



Indicati vus 



ConitinctTvus 



mon-eo, I advise, am ad., mon -earn 



do ad. 



mon-es, you advise 
mon - et, he advises 
mon -emus, we advise 
mon-etis, you advise 
mon - ent, they advise 



mon- 


• ebam, I was advising 




mon- 


-efoo, 


I shall advise 




monu-i, 


I advised, have a 


id. 


monu-eram, I had advised 



monn - ero, I shall have adv'd 



mon-eas 
mon -eat 
mon-earnus 
mon-eatis 
mon-eant 



mon-i 


!rem 




monu 


-erim 


monu 


-issem 



h « 



Pre.: mon-e advise thou, mon-ete advise ye 
S><jp^ ./mon-eto thou shalt adv. mon -etote ye shall ad. 
*\(mon-eto he shall advise mon-ento they shall 

advise) 



•g ^ fPre.: mon -ere 

£2.£sPf. '• monu-isse 

«^lFt. : monit-urnm etc. esse 



to advise 

to have advised 

to be about to advise 



•~ a> (Pre.: mon-ens (mon-entis, 52) advising 

ssm. : — — 

Ou ° [Ft. : monit- urns etc. about to advise 



fNom.: (mon-ere) 
, ^ J Acc. : ad mon-end'um 
o c^Gen. : mon-endi 
C " I Dat. : mon-endo 

[Abl. : mon-endo 



(advising, to advise) 
(to or for) advising 
of advising 
to or for advising 



by advising 



Supine I. monit-um in order to advise (only with verbs 

of motion) 

Supine II. monit-fi to advise (only after fas, facilis etc.) 



CONJUGATION 



7a 



monere, monui, monitum to advise 


PASSIYUM 


I 


ndicativus 


Coniunctivus 


mon-eor 

mon - eris 

mon-etur 

mon-emur 

mon-emini 

mon-entur 


I am advised 

you are advised 
he is advised 
we are advised 
you are advised 
they are advised 


mon -ear 

mon-earis 
mon-eatur 
mon-eamur 
mon - eamini 
mon-eantur 


mon-ebar 


I was (being) advised 


mon-erer 


mon-ebor 


I shall be advised 




monit-us sum 


I have been advised 


monit-us sim 


monit-us eram 


I had been advised 


monit -us essem 


monit-us ero 


I shall have been advised 






Not used 


mon-eri 
monit -um etc., 
monit -urn Tri ( 


to be advised 
esse to have been advised 
unchangeable) to be about to be advised 


monit-us etc. 


advised, having been advised 


Gertmdivum 


: mon-endus [(he, she, it) thatmustbe ad. 

\ deserving- to be advised 



Note : The forms of monere in the indicative and subjunct- 
ive, beginning with the imperfect, correspond to those of lau- 
dare (179-181; 176), 

mon-e-, monu-, monit- taking the place 
of laud-a-, laudav-, laudat- (the endings being alike.) 



74 

188. 



THIRD 



regere, rexi, rectum, to rule 


ACTIYUM 


Indicati vus 


Coniuncti vus 


Pres. 


reg - o I rule, a m ruling, do 
reg-is you rule [rule 
reg -it he rules 
reg - imu s we rule 
reg - itis you rule 
reg - unt they rule 


reg- am 
reg -as 
reg - at 
reg- am us 
reg - atis 
reg - ant 


Irnpf. 


reg-ebam I was ruling 


reg - erem 


Fut. I. 


I shall rule 
reg -am reg -emus 
reg - es reg - etis 
reg-et reg- en t 




Perf. 


rex - i I ruled, have ruled 


rex - erim 


Plup. 


rex - eram I had ruled 


rex-issem 


Fut. II. 


rex - ero I shall have ruled 




«j fPre.: reg-e rule thou, reg-ite rule ye 
S >ipt ./reg-ito thou shalt rule reg-itote ye shall rule 
g'^l I (reg-ito he shall rule reg -unto they shall 
~ rw/e) 


s «> f^ re - : reg-ere to rule 

«B.£-{Pf. : rex-isse to have ruled 

£ ** (Ft. : rect-urum etc. esse to oe about to rule 


.i (Pre.: reg-ens (reg-entis, 52) ruling 

ga^Pf. : 

0, ^ [Ft. : rect-urus etc. about to rule 


Ger- 
und 


Nom.: (reg-ere) {ruling, to rule) 
Ace. : (ad) reg-endum (to or for) ruling 
Gen. : reg-endi of ruling 
Dat. : reg-endo to or for ruling 
Abl. : reg-endo by ruling 


Supine I. rect-um in order to rule { 


only with verbs 

of motion) 


Supine II. rect-u to rule (only after fas, facilis etc.) 



75 



CONJUGATION 



regere, rexi, rectum to rule 


PASSIVUM 


Indicativus 


Coniunctivus 


reg - or I am ruled 

reg- eris 

reg - itur 

reg - imur 

reg-imim 

reg - untur 


reg - ar 
reg - aris 
reg - atur 
reg-amur 
reg - amini 
reg - antur 


regebar / was {being) ruled 


reg - erer 


I shall be ruled 
reg - ar reg - emur 
reg - eris reg - emini 
reg - etur reg - entur 




rect-us sum I was ruled 


rect-us sim 


rect - us eram i" had been ruled 


rect-us essem 


rect - us ero I shall have been ruled 




Not used 


reg-i to be ruled 
rect-um etc. esse to have been ruled 
rect-um Tri (unchangeable) to be about to be ruled 


rect-us etc. ruled, having been ruled 


Gerun-. reffen d us e tc / 1 ( Ae ' she > **) that must be ruled; 
divurn ' 6 '\ 2 deserving to be ruled 



Note : The forms of regere in the indicative and subjunct- 
ive, except those of the present and future tenses, resemble the 
corresponding forms of laudare (179-181; 176) 

reg-e, reg-e, rex-, rect- taking the place 

of laud -a laudav- laudat- (the endings being alike). 



76 
189. 



FOURTH 



audire, audivi, 



auditum to hear 



ACTIYUM 



Pres. 



Impf. 



Fut. 



Perf. 



PIup. 



Indicati vus 



Coniunctivus 



and-io I hear, am hear- 
ing, do hear 
aud - is you hear 
aud - it he hears 
aud-Imus we hear 
aud-itis you hear 
aud - iunt they hear 



aud - iebam I was hearing 



I shall hear 
aud-iam audi era us 
aud-ies audietis 
aud-iet audient 



audi v - ! I heard, have h. 



au di v - eram I ha ve heard 



Fut.II audiv-ero I shall have h. 



aud-iam 

aud-ias 

aud-iat 

aud-iamus 

aud-iatis 

aud-iant 



aud-irera 



audiv-erim 



audiv-issem 




aud-i hear thou aud-ite hear ye 
aud-Tto thou shalt h. aud-Itote ye shall hear 
aud-Tto he shall hear aud -iunto they shall hear 




aud - Tre 
audiv-isse etc. 
audit -urum esse 



to hear 

to have heard 

to be about to hear 



aud-iens, (audientes, 52) hearing 
audit -urus, etc. about to hear 



Nom. 
Ace. 
{ Gen. 

[Abl. 



(aud.- Tre) 
(ad) aud-iendum 
aud-iendi 
aud-iendo 
aud-iendo 



(hearing, to hear) 
(to or for) hearing 
of hearing 
to or for hearing 
by hearing 



Supine I. audit -um in order to hear (only with verbs of 

motion) 



Supine II. audit -u to hear (only after fas, facilis etc.) 



77 



CONJUGATION 



audire, audivi, auditum to hear 



PASSIYUM 



Indicativus 



Coniunctivus 



aud-ior 

aud -iris 
aud - ltur 

aud-imur 

aud-imini 

aud-iuntur 



I am heard 



aud-iebar I was (being) heard 



I shall be heard 
aud-iar aud-iemur 

aud-ieris aud-iemini 
aud-ietur aud-ientur 



audit-us sum J was (have 

been) heard 



audit -us eram I had been h. 



audit-us ero I shall have b.h. 



aud - iar 

aud-iaris 

aud-iatur 

aud-iamur 

aud-iamini 

aud-Iantur 



aud - Trer 



audit -us sim 



audit -us essem 



Not used 



aud -Iri 

audit -urn esse 

audit -urn iri (unchangeable) 



to be heard 

to have been heard 

to be about to be heard 



audit -us etc. 



heard, having- been h. 



Gerun- . ail< jieiidiis etc ^ ( he > she > ^ that must be h - 
divum ' ' \ 2 ) deserving- to be heard 

Note : The forms of audire in the indicative and sub- 
junctive except those of the present and future tenses, resem- 
ble the corresponding forms of laudare (179-181; 176), 

audie-, audi-, audiv-, audit-, taking the place 

of lauda laudav laudat (the endings being alike.) 



78 THIRD CONJUGATION 

190. VERBS OF THE 3d CONJUGATION IN 10 AND IOR 



capere, c a p i 6 , cepi, captum, to take 



Activum 



Passivum 



Indicativus Coniunctiv. j Indicativus ! Coniunctiv 



Praes. 



Impf. 



Fut. I. 



cap-io 
cap -is 
cap -it 
cap-imus 
cap-itis 
cap - iunt 



cap-iebam 



cap-iam 
cap-ies 



cap-iam 

cap -i as 

cap-iat 

cap-iamus 

cap-iatis 

cap-iant 



cap-ior 
cap-eris 

cap-itur 
cap-imur 
cap-imim 
cap-iuntur 



cap-iar 

cap-iaris 

cap-iatur 

cap-iamur 

cap-iamini 

cap-iantur 



cap - erem 



cap-iebar | cap-erer 



cap-iar 
cap-ieris 



I • { Praes. 



.- w { Praes 
I^Perf. 
£ ^ [Put. 



.£' g f Praes 
t aJperf. 
£flFut. 



Qerundium 



cap-e, cap-ite 
J cap-ito, cap-itote 
\ (cap-ito, cap -iunto) 



not used 



cap - ere 

cep-isse 
capt-uruui etc. esse 



cap-iens (ientis, 52) 
capt-urus 



cap-i 

capt-um etc. esse 

capt - urn iri 



capt-us 



(ad) cap-iendum 



Gerundivum : 

cap-iendus, a, um \ 



Note: In every form of the present system (179) the 
final consonant of the stem is immediately followed by one i, 
except in the present passive form caperis 

all imperf. subj . forms caperem,caperer, etc. 
the imperative form cape 

the in finiti ve form capere 

The perfect and participial systems are regular (180, 181): 

cep-i, cep-eram, cep-ero etc. 

capt-us, capt-urus, capt-um else. 



PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 



79 



191. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 

The active periphrastic conjugation is formed by combin- 
ing the participle in urus with the verb sum, and denotes, an 
action which is imminent, or about to take place. 

The passive periphrastic conjugation is formed by com- 
bining the gerundive in ndus with the verb sum, and denotes 
an action which is necessary, or must take place. 



Coniugatio periphrastica activa 


Indie. 
Coni. 

Infin. 


laudaturus sum (eram...) 
laudaturus sim (essem...) 
f laudaturum etc. esse 
\laudaturum etc. fuisse 


I am ( was. . ) about to praise 

to be about to praise 

to have been about to praise 


Coniugatio periphrastica passiva 


Indie. 


flaudandus sum 

J 

flaudandus eram 
[laudandus ero 


J 7am to be, must be pr. 
\ /ought to be, deserve .... 

I was to be, had.., deserved... 
I shall deserve to be praised 


Coni. 


laudandus sim (essem...) 
f laudandum etc. esse 

[ laudandum etc. fuisse 


Infin. 


f to deserve to be praised 
\ to be such as is to be praised 
to have deserved to be pr. 



192. Note: 1. A "periphrastic" form is a " round about way 
of speaking." 

2. The subjunctives in urus sum supply the wanting sub- 
junctives of the f u t u r u m I. 

3. Transitive verbs have all forms of the gerundive: us, 
a, um; I, ae, a; intransitive verbs have only the neuter sg. 
in um (with est). 

The doer of the action expressed by the gerundive is put in 
the dative, except, when it has an object-dative: 

Puer mihi laudandus est [? he h ^ mas / be ?™isedhy me, 

\\. e.: I must praise the boy 

litterae ei scrlbendae sunt he must write a letter 

conatu desistendum est the attempt must be given up 

legi a te parendum est you must obey the law 

laudandum n o n est f * j . s necessary not to praise 

\it is imprudent, unlawful to praise 



80 

193. 



DEPONENTS 
VERBA DEPONENTIA: DEPONENTS 



Deponents are verbs which have "put aside" (deponere) 
the active forms that they formerly had. 



hortari, hortatus sum, to exhort 



Indicativus 



Praes. 



J hortor 
(hortaris etc. 



I exhort 
you exhort 



Impf. 
Fut. I. 
Perf. 
Plup. 
Fut. II. 



hortabar I was exhorting 

hortabor I shall exhort 

hortatus sum I exhorted, have e. 

hortatus eram I had exhorted 

hortatus ero I shall have exh. 



Coniunctivus 



horter 
horteris etc. 



hortarer 

hortatus sim 
hortatus essem 



Imperat perf. 
fut. 

Infin. praes. 
Infm. perf. 
Infin. fut. 



Partic. praes 
Partic. perf. 
Partic. fut. 

Gerund ium 



Gerundivum 



Supmum I. 
| Supmum II. 



hortare exhort thou hortamini exhort ye 
not used 



hortari to exhort 

hortatum etc. esse to have exhorted 

hortaturum etc. esse to be about to exhort 



hortans (antis, 52) 
hortatus etc. 
hortaturus etc. 



exhorting 
having- exhorted 
about to exhort 



ad hortandum.... 



to or for exhorting 



hortandus etc 



(he etc.) fheit niust 
be exhorted 



hortatum, 
hortatu 



in order to exhort 
toexhort 



194. The deponents have the following forms: 

x ) all passive forms, except the infinitive in Iri; 

2 ) some active forms : 

the future infinitive : hortaturum esse 

the pres. and fut. participles : hortans, hortaturus 

the gerund : ad hortandum 

the supines : hortatum, hortatu 

195. All forms of the deponents have active meaning 
except the gerundive which has passive meaning. 



DEPONENTS, PASSIVE OF DEPONENTS 81 

196. DEPONENTS OF THE 2d, 3d AND 4th CONJUGATIONS. 

II. vereri, veritus sum, feel awe of 
Imperative: verere, veremin! (193) 

III. sequ!, secutus sum, follow 
Present : sequor, sequeris 
Imperative : sequere, sequiminl 
pat!, passus sum, suffer 
Present : patior, pateris 
Imperative : patere, patimini 

IV. partirl, partitus sum share 
Imperative : partire, partlmini 

197. PASSIVE OF DEPONENTS 

The passive ofdeponents is supplied by synonymous 
expressions or circumlocutions, e. g.: 





Active 


Passive 


hortarl, 


admirari 


monerl, laudari 


suspicari, 


suspect 


in stispicionem vocari 


obliviscT, 


forget 


oblivione obrui 


aggredi, 


attack 


fit impetus in liostes 
[res admirationem habet 


admirari, 


admire 


< res admiration! est 
1 re! adtmratio est 



Note: Some perfect participles of deponents are both 
active and passive in meaning; when passive, they are not 
employed to form tenses: 

Passive meaning 



pater f !lio comitatus 
exercitus partitus 
agr! depopulat! 
scelus meditatum 
mala opinata 



accompanied by his son 
divided army 
devastated lands 
premeditated crime 
imagined evils 



82 



SEMIDEPONENTS, PASSIVE PARTICIPLES 



198. 



SEMIDEPONENTIA: SEMIDEPONENTS 



Semideponents have only some passive forms with active 
meaning, either in the perfect or in the present system : 



a. Solere 


solitus sum 


to be wont 


S. dicere 


audere 

gaudere 

fidere 

confidere 

diffidere 


ausus sum venture 
gavisus sum rejoice 
fisus sum \re1y on 
confisus sum / trust 
diffisus sum distrust 




Au. dicere 
G. liber tate 
/Tibi, virtuti 
\or virtute 
Tibi, virtuti 


b. Merer! 


fmerui 
\meritus sum 


deserve 




Bene de te m. 


pacisci 


/pepigi 
(pactus sum 


make a i 


contract 


Rem p. 


revert! 


revert! 


return 




Reversurus 


deverti 


deverti 


lodge 




Deversurus 


Note : 


1. Reversus, 


having returned 






2. /gavisus, 


fisus, 


diffisus 






\rejoicing, 


trusting, 


distrust 


ing 



Soleo, audeo, gaudeo 
F i d 6 , c 6 n f i d o , d i f f i d 6 : 
Then mereor, paciscor, 
Revertor and devertor. 



199. 



PASSIVE PARTICIPLES WITH ACTIVE MEANING 



Cenatus, ha ving dined; after dinner 

p r a n s u s , having breakfasted; after breakfast 

iuratus, having sworn; (also pass .: sworn) 

potus, having drunk; (also pass /.drunk) 

200. PASSIVE PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES ONLY 

adultus, grown up nupta, married 

assuetus, accustomed obsoletus, worn out, obsolete 
inveteratus, deep-rooted praeteritus, past 

error inveteratus, a deep-rooted error 

annus praeteritus, the past year 



NEUTRAL PASSIVES, PECULIARITIES IN CONJUGATION 83 

201. NEUTRALIAPASSIVA: NEUTRAL PASSIVE VERBS 

Fieri, perire, venire are active in form and appar- 
ently passive in meaning (234, 237). 

PECULIARITIES IN CONJUGATION 

202. a. The ending re is used instead of ris in the 2d ps. sg. 
of the passive and the deponent; when no ambiguity 
arises : 

laudaris, lauderis, laudabaris, laudareris, laudaberis 
" — laud ere, laudabare, landarere, laudabere 

hortaris, hortere, hortabare, hortarere, hortabere 
b. In the perfect system 



ve and v before r, 

-arunt -arim -aram -aro 

-erunt -erim -eratn -ero 

-6rant -orim. -oram -oro 

-ierunt -ierim -ieram -iero 



vi is dropped before s ? 
laudasse -assem -asti, 
delesse -essem -esti, 

cognosse -ossem -osti, 
audisse -Tssem -IstI, 

Note: Lavare, iuvare, cavere retain the v of their stems. 
Note: Ere is sometimes used instead of erunt: 
laudavere = laudaverunt 

203. The present imperatives of dlcere, ducere, facere, 
ferre drop thee: die, due, fac, fer; 

also their compounds, except those of facere : 
(maledic), educ, effer (8, c) 
effice, internee, calface (8, c) 

204. The future imperative (laudato, laudanto) is found 
inlaws and with poets only; in classical prose the present 
subjunctive is used instead: 

laudet, laudent, he, they shall praise 
Exception: Of scire only scito and scitote are used as impera- 
tives. 



84 



LIST OF VERBS 



205. 



LIST OF VERBS 



The verbs of each conjugation are classified chiefly accord- 
ing to the different formations of the pe rfects : 

1. Perfects formed by v, u, s; 

2. Perfects formed by reduplication; 

3. Perfects formed by lengthening or ablaut of the root- 
vowel; 

4. Prefects without apparent change of stem. 
Note: a. It will prove useful to recite all the three sys- 
tems (179-181), e, g.: 

sectus, sectum esse 
secturus, secturum esse 
sectum, sectum Tri 
or the groups of infinitives, participles etc.: 



e.g. 



laudans 

wanting 

wanting 

laudatus 

laudaturus 

laudandus 



praising 

being praised 

having praised 

(having been) praised 

about to praise 

one that must he praised 

b. Before enumerating the passive forms of a verb, 
state whether it is transitive, forming acomplete pass- 
ive as laudor, laudaris, laudatur 
or intransitive, forming an impersonal passive only, 
as saltatur, there is dancing 



206. 




FIRST CONJi 


LIGATION 




Like 


laudare: 










conclamare 


shout 


collocare 


place 




commutare 


change 


commemorare mention 




declarare 


make clear 


dissipare 


disperse 




declinare 


turn aside 


explicare 


unfold 




defatlgare 


tire 


flagitare 


entreat 




explorare 


explore 


navigare 


(set) sail 




ignorare 


not know 


occupare 


seize 




salutare 


greet 


renovare 


renew 




conclamo 


coll 


oco 



c u b a r e 


cubui 


domare 


domui 


vetare 


vetui 


5 increpare 


- crepui 


secare 


secui 


micare 


micui 


dimicare 


-micavi 


sonare 


sonui 


10 tonare 


tonui 



LIST OF VERBS 
FIRST CONJUGATION: are, 6 

Perfect formed by v 

p 6 tare potavi potum drink, tope 

Perfects formed by u 

cubitum recline 

domitum tame 

vetitum forbid 

crepitum rebuke 

sectum cut 

-(177,n.) [S^m 
{quiver 

micatum fight 

— sound 

— thunder 

Perfects formed by Reduplication 

dare dedi datum give 

Only da, das, dans have a 

circtimdare -dedi -datum surround 

The other compounds of dare belong to 
the 3d Conjugation 

steti staturus stand 

-steti — stand around 

(excel 
-stiti -staturus I vouch for 
[fulfil 

constare -stiti -staturus f con sist 

{cost 

distare — — be distant 

Perfects formed by Lengthening of Vowel 



85 



stare 
circumstare 

15 praestare 



iuvare 


iuvi 


(iutum) 


help 


luvo te 


adiuvare, 


-1UY1 


adiutum 


help 




20 lavare 


lavT 


lau turn 


wash 


Lauta suppellex 
splendid furniture 



See potus:199. 



Excubare 
(keep) watch 

Veto te scribere 



Desecare, cut off 



Resonare, resound 



Do tibi librum 



Te circumstant 
Tibi virtute p. 

Te, aliquid p. 
Officium p. 
Constamus ex 
animo et corpore 



86 



LIST OF VERBS 



SECOND CONJUGATION: ere, eo 





Perfects formed by v 




delere 


dele vi 


deletum 


destroy 




flere 


flevT 


fletum 


weep 




deflere 


- flevi 


- fletum 


weep over 


Mortem patris 


nere 


nevi 


netum 


spin 


defleo. 


25 complere - plevi 


-pletum 


till up 




c i e r e 


(civT) 


(cittirh) 


rouse 


Percitus, 


accire 


accivi 


accitum 


summon 


greatly roused 




Perfects formed hy 


u 




arcere 


arcui 


— 


keep off (tr.) 


Tecto me arcuis 


coercere 


coercui 


coercitum 


curb 




30 exercere 


exercui 


exercitum 


vex, harass 




exercere 


exereui 


exercitat 


u m train 




habere 


habui 


habitum 


have 


Te ami cum h., 


adhibere 


- hibui 


- hibitum 


use ( ad ) 


have a friend 


prohibere 
35 de be re 


- hibui 
debui 


- hibitum 
debitum 


keep off ( tr. ) 
owe, ought 


in you 

Finibus proh., 
keep out of the 


praebere 


praebui 


praebitum 


offer, grant 


country 


admonere -moirui 


-monitum 


f admonish 
\remind 


De proelio te a. 


nocere 


nocm 


nocitum 


harm 


Noceo tibi 


placere 


placm 


placitum 


please 


Placeo tibi 


40 displicere 


- plicui 


- plicitum 


displease 




t a cere 


tacui 


taciturn 


be silent 


Tacitus, silent 


reticere 


-ticui 


— 


conceal 




terrere 


terrui 


territum 


frighten 




deterrere 


- terrui 


- territum 


deter 


A proposito d., 


45 censere 


censui 


censum 


estimate 


d. from a plan 


suscensere 


-censui 


— 


be angry 


Tibi suscenseo 


docere 


docui 


doctum 


teach 


Passive of doc. 


. 




. • 


. 


is discere. 


miscere 


miscui 


raixtum 


mix 




tenere 


tenui 


— 


hold 




50 abstinere 


-tinui 


— 


abstain 


( Ab ) iniuria a. 


continere 


- tinui 


— 


hold together 




pertinere 


- tinui 


— 


extend (i. ) 


Ad mare pert. 


detinere 


- tinui 


- tentum 


detain 




distinere 


- tinui 


- tentum 


divide, busy 




55 obtinere 


- tinui 


- tentum 


maintain, hold 


Regnum obtinet 


retinere 


- tinui 


- tentum 


retain 




sust iner e 


- tinui 


-ten tatum 


endure 









LIST OF VERBIS 


87 




SECOND 


CONJUGATION: ere, eo 


• 


c a r e r e 


carui 


cariturus 


be without 


Dolore caret 


dolere 


dolui 


doliturus 


feel pain 


Oculi mihi d. 


60 parere 


parui 


paritiirus 


obey 


Patri pareo 


apparere 


- parui 


- paritiirus 


appear 




valere 


valui 


valiturus 


be strong 


Multum valet 

has great influence 


calere 


calm 


-(177, n. 


)be warm 


Aestuare, feel w. 


egere 


egm 





need 


Eget cibo 


65 indigere 


indigui 


— 


need 


Indiget cibi 


eminere 


eminm 


— 


stand out 




florere 


florui 





bloom 




horrere 


horrui 





shudder at 


Minas eius h. 


iacere 
70 latere 


iacui 
latui 





lie 

be hidden 


In lecto iacet; 
but urbs ( po ) sita 
est in monte 


nitere 


nitui 


— 


shine 




olere 


olm 


— 


smell oi (i.) 


Malitiarn olet 


pate re 


patui 


— 


stand open 




silere 


silui 


— 


be silent 




75 studere 


studui 





take pains about 


Scire studeo 


stupere 


stupuT 


— 


be astounded 


litteris, tibi studeo 


timere 


timui 





fear 


Timeo, ne (non) 


vigere 


vigui 


— 


be vigorous 


I fear that (not) 


avere 


— 


— 


long for 




80 comvere 


— 


— 


half close the eyes 




frigere 


— 


— 


be cold 




imrninere 


— 


— 


hang over 


Mors tibi i. 


maerere 


— 


— 


mourn 


Re, rem maereo, 


pollere 


— 


— 


be potent 


re, rem doleo 


85 spleudere 


— 


— 


shine 






Perfects formed by 


s 




angere 


auxi 


auctum 


increase (tr.) 


Rem augere 


torquere 


torsi 


tortum 


J twist 
\ torture 




abstergere 


tersi 


- tersum 


wipe off 




iubere 


iussi 


iussum 


order 


Te scribere iubeo 


90 perrrrulcere 


mulsi 


-mulsum 


soothe 




ridere 


risi 


rlsum 


laugh (at) 


Te rideo 


arridere 


- risi 


- risum 


smile at 


Tibi arrideo 


irridere 


- risi 


- risum 


laugh at 


Te irrideo 



88 



LIST OF VEKbV 



suadere 
95 persuadere 

ardere 
haerere 
manere 
algere 
100 fulgere 
indulgere 
urgere 
lucere 
lugere 

Perfects 

105 mordere 

spondere 

respondere 

tondere 

detondere 
110 pendere 

impend ere 



suasum 

suasum 

arsurus 
haesurus 



SECOND CONJUGATION: ere, eo 

advise 
f convince 
\ induce 
be on fire 
stick (i.) 
mansurus remain 

— feel cold 

— Bash 

— am indulgent 
impulsum urge, press 

— be light, beam 

— mourn, bewail 
formed by Reduplication 

momordi morsum bite 
spopondisponsum promise 
respondi responsum answer 
totondi tonsum clip; shave 
detondi detonsum clipp off 
pependi — hang (intr.) 

/ overhang 

{threaten (i.) 



suasi 
suasi 

arsi 

haesT 

man si 

alsi 

fulsi 

indulsi 

ursi 

luxi 

luxi 



Perfects formed by Lengthening of Vowel 



cavere 

favere 

fovere 
115 movere 

vovere 

sedere 

circumsedere 

snpersedere 
120 obsidere 

possidere 

videre 

invidere 
providere 



cavi 

fa vi 

fovi 

movi 

vovi 

sedi 

- sedi 

- sedi 

- sedi 

- sedi 
vidi 

-vidi 
-vidi 



cautum 

fan turn 
f 6 turn 

motum 

votum 

sessum 

- sessum 

- sessum 

- sessum 

- sessum 
visum 

- visum 

- visum 



(beware 

\take care ol 

favor 

cherish 

move (tr.) 

vow 

sit 

invest 

refrain 

besiege 

possess 

see 

i envy 
■n foresee 



Suadeo tibi ut 
P. tibi (a c. i.) 
P. tibi, ut . . . 



( provide 

Without apparent change of Stem 

125 prandere prandi pransum breakfast 



Tibi indulges 



Mortem eius 1. 



Sponsus, a; bride- 
groom, bride 
Respondeo tibi 



A cruce pendet ; 
ex te pendet, 
it depends on you 
Eellum impendet 



Id, eum cave 
Fratri cave 

Tibi faveo 



Commovere, per- 
nio vere, stir (tr.) 



Urbem c. 
Labore s. 



Eius virtuti i. 
Futura prov. 
Tibi provide 



See n. 199 



LIST OF VERES 



89 



sternere 
prosternere 
cernere 
decernere 



130 



spernere 



oblinere 
se-rere 
conserere 
inserere 



185 



s i n e r e 



desinere 

petcre 
quacrere 

conqnirere 
140 teiere 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 
Perfect formed by v 

stravT stratum cover over 

-stravi -stratum prostrate 
— — discern 

decrevi dec return decree 
sprevi spretum spurn 
oblevi oblitum 
sevi satum 

- sevi - situm 

- sevi - situm 

Sivi situm 

(destiti 
\ desii 

petivi petitum seek to obtain 

quaes! vT quaesitumj seek > look for 

{ask 



daub over 
sow, plant 

sow with 
implant 

let, allow 
situm cease (220, 1) 



-quisivi 
trivi 



quisitum 
tritum 



go in quest of 
rub 



arcessere arcessivT arcessitum j summon 

accersere accersivi accersitum \ sen d for 

capessere capessivi capessitum seize eagerly 

lacessere lacessivT lacessltum provoke 

Perfects formed by u 

145 incumbere incubui incubitum lay one's self upon 
procumbere -cubui -cubitum prostrate one's sf. 

gen i turn beget 



Viam silice st. 
Consternere, cover 

Senatus res d. 



Ager consitus est 
Insitus, inborn 

Te ire si no 

Timere desino 



gi-gnere 

ponere 

anteponere 
150 exponere 

imponere 
alere 

colere 

excolere 
155 iri colere 



genui 

posui 

- posui 

- posui 

- posui 
alui 

colui 

-colui 
-colui 



positum (Place, lay 
{set, put 



- positu 

- positum 

- positum 
altum 

cultum i^ivate 

{honor 

-cultum.... perfect 
— inhabit 



prefer 
set on shore 
explain 
plaee vpon 

nourish 



A te peto; lit 

Ducem quaero 

A te, ex te 
quaero, quis sis 

Tempus contero, 
spend, waste t. 
Iter tritum 
a beaten way; 

Proverbium con- 
tritum, trite pr. 
Re 1., prov. to 



In id studium 
in quo es, i'e 
Tibi ad pedes p. 

Statuam in aede 
pono 

Te mihi antep. 
Eos e navi exp. 
Causam exp. 
Tibi onus imp. 

Almus, genial; 
Alma mater 
Agrum , virtutem c. 
Deum, homines c. 

Incultus, untilled 



90 



LIST OF VERBS 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 



consulere 


consului consultum 


consult 


Tibi consulo. 
take care of you 


conserere 


conserui consertum 


join, fit 


Manus conserere 


deserere 


- seruT 


- sertum 


desert 


join battle 


disserere 


- serui 


disputatum discourse 


Disertus, skilful 


160 inserere 


- serui 


- sertum 


insert, put into 


in speaking, 

{less thaneloquens) 


texere 


texui 


textum 


weave 




molere 


molui 


raolitum 


grind 




vomere 


vomui 


vomitum 


throw up 




fremere 


fremui 


— 


growl 




265 gemere 


gemui 


— 


groan, sigh 




strepere 


strepui 


— 


rumble 




tremere 


tremui 


— 


tremble 




Perfects 


formed by s 




coquere 


COXl 


coctum 


cook 




concoquere 


-COX1 


-coctum 


digest 




170 dicere 


dixi 


dictum 


say (203) 


Die ei, quis sis 


indicere 


-dixi 


- dictum 


announce 


Bell urn indicere, 


indicare 


- dicavi 


- dicatum 


point out 


declare war; 


praedicere 
praedicare 


-dixi 
- dicavi 


- dictum 

- dicatum 


fortell 
proclaim 


diem indicere, 
appoint a day 


175 ducere 


duxi 


due turn 


lead (203) 


Inducere, 


conducere 


-duxi 


- ductum 


hire, rent 


lead in, move to 
Producere, 


educere 


-duxi 


-ductum 


lead forth 


lead before 


educare 


- ducavi 


-ducatum 


bring up 


Se subducere, 


affligere 


afflixi 


afflictum 


(strike down 
{to the ground 


withdraw 


180 profligare 


- fligavi 


- fligatum 




confligere 


-flixi 


-flictum 


be in combat 


Cum hoste c. 


regere 


rexi 


rectum 


guide, rule 


Rectus, straight 


corrigere 


correxi 


- rectum 


improve 




derigere 


derexi 


- rectum 


fset straight 
\direct 


Aciem d., draw up 
in battle array 


185 porrigere porrexi -rectum 


hold forth, offer 


Tibi dexteram p. 


pergere 


perrexi -rectum 


proceed (to go) 


Eadem via perge 


surgere 


surrexi -rectum 


rise, stand up 


De lecto s. 


tegere 


texi 


tectum 


cover 


Protegere, protect 


trahere 


traxi 


- tractum 


draw, haul 





LIST OF VERBS 



91 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 



190 yeliere 


vex! 


vectum 


carry 




vehi 


vectus 


sum 


he carried 


Equo vehi, ride 


cingere 


cinxi 


cinctum 


gird 




tingere 


tin xi 


tinctum 


dye, tinge 




iungere 


iunx! 


iunctum 


join, connect 


Me vobis iungo, 


195 








I join you 


coniungere 


-iunx! 


-iunctum 


join together 




disiungere 


-iurixi 


-iiinctum 


disjoin, part 




fingere 


finx! 


fictum 


form, mould 


Fictus, fictitious: 


pingere 


pinxT 


pictum 


paint 


ficti di. 


stringere 


strinxi 


strictum 


f graze 


Gladium destr., 








\ strip off 


draw the sword 


200 figere 


fixi 


flxum 


fix, fasten 


In terra f. 


demergere, 


- mersT 


-mersum 


dip, sink (tr.) 


ned.,7 dive 


demergor 


demersus 


vSum 


sink (intr.) 




eraergo 


emersi 


-mersum 


emerge (usu. i.) 




spargere 


spans! 


sparsum 


strew, throw about 


Dispergere milites, 
scatter the soldiers 


205 aspergere 


- spers! 


-spersum 


besprinkle 




flectere 


flex! 


f 1 e x u m 


bend (trans.) 


Deflectere, turn 


conectere 


(-nexuT) 


-nexum 


tie together 


aside (tr. & i.) 


nfibere 


nupsi 


nuptum 


marry 


Nupta, married; 


fi 


[Ha alicui nubit 




nubo, veil myself 
f or 


filius aliquam virginem ducit 




scribcre 


scrips! 


script um 


write 


Ad te scribo 


210 








Proscr., outlaw 


conscribere 


-scrips! 


- sen p turn 


levy, enroll 




carpere 


carps! 


carptum 


pluck; carp at 




decerpere 


-cerps! 


-cerptum 


pluck off 




scalpere 


scalps! 


scalp turn 


engrave 


( of surface work ! 


insculpere 


-sculps! 


-sculptum 


chisel, carve in 


( of deeper work) 


215 irrepere 


irreps! 


— 


creep in 




serpere 


serps! 


— 


creep 




contemnere 


-temps! 


-temptum 


value little 




gerere 


gess! 


gestum 


carry on 


Bellum gerere 


digerere 


- gess! 


- gestum 


arrange 


wage war 


220 








Res gestae, ex- 


comburere 
ambtirere 


combuss! combustum burn up (tr.) 
ambuss! ambustum scorch 


ploits 

Deflagrare, £mrn 
down (intr.) 



92 



LIST OF VERBS 



THIRD CONJUGATION : ere, 6 



premere 


pressi 


pressura press 




exprimere 


-press! 


-pressum 


f press out 
\ express 




opprimere 


- pressi 


- pressum 


bear down 




225 cedere 


cessl 


cessutn 


give place to 


Tibi cedo 


accedere 


-cess! 


-cessum 


approach 


Ad te accedo 


claia dere 


claus! 


clausumc/ose 


Concludere, en- 


includere 


-clusi 


-clusnm 


shut up 


close, end, infer 


intercludere 


-clus! 


-cliisum 


shut off, cut off 


Tibi commeata i.. 
cut off supplies 


230 dividere 


di visT 


divisum sepa ra te , divide 




laedere 


laesi 


laesum 


trouble; offend 


Fidem laedere, 


allidere 


-lisi 


-lisuna 


dash against 


break one's word 


liidere 


lus! 


lusnm 


play 


Illudo tibi = eludo 


eludere 


-lus! 


-lusum 


elude, mock 


to,, jeer at you 


235 plaudere 


plans! 


plausum 


applaud 


Tibi plaudo 


explodere 


-pi 6s! 


-plosum 


hoot off 


Te explodo 


radere 


ras! 


rasu m 


scrape, shave 




rodere 


ros! 


rosum 


gnaw 




trudere 


trusi 


trusum 


thrust, shove 




240 invadere 


- v a s ! 


- vasum 


invade 


In bona tua, in te 


evadere 


-vasi 


-vasum 


escape, become 


Is non potest 


vadere 


— 


— 


go {rapidly) 


orator evadere 


mittere 


m!s! 


inisstitti send 


De-, let down 


amittere 


-mis! 


-missum 


lose {by accident) 




245 committere 


-m!s! 


-missum 


intrust 


Proelium c. engage 


dmiittere 


-m!s! 


-missum 


dismiss 


in battle 


metere 


secu! 


messum 


mow, reap 




demetere 


desecu! 


demessum cut off, reap 





Perfects formed by Reduplication 



casurus fall (intr. ) 
(incasiirus) fall into 
occasurus go down, die 
reeasurus fallback 

— fall down 



cadere 


cecid! 


250 incidere 


incid! 


occidere 


occid! 


recidere 


reccid! 


concidere 


concidi 



Animo cadere, 
lose courage 



Suspicio in te r. 
Miles, turris c. 



LIST OF VEKBS 



93 



caedere 

255 incidere 
occldere 
currere 

accurrere 

recurrere 
260 succurrere 

Note: The 

fallere 

refellere 
par cere 

pellere 

265 appellere 
appellare 
repellere 
pendere 
impendere 

270 suspendere 
canere 

concinere 

pungere 

compungere 

275 tangere 
attingere 
tendere 

attendere 
contendere 

280 extendere 

ostendere 
abdere 
credere 
dedere 

285 edere 
tradere 

reddere 



THIRD CONJUGATION : ere, 6 
cecldi caesum hew, fell (tr.) 

incidi incisum cut into 
occidi occisum kill, slay 
cucurr! cursum run (intr.) 

J acctirn accursum run to a place 
(accucurn 

recurr! recursum run back 
succurri succursum hasten to aid 
other cpds. are conjug. like accurrere. 
fefelli deceptum deceive 

refelll refutatum disprove, rebut 

pepercT tempera turn spare 

pepull ptllsum drive out, push 

appulT appulsnm drive toward 

appellavi appellatum address, accost 

reppuli repulsum drive back 

pependi pensum weigh, pay 

impend! impensum expend 

-pendT -pensum hang up (tr.) 
cecmi cantatum sing, sound ( tr. ) 
-cinui — agree together 

pUpUgl piinctum sting, puncture 

- punxT - piinctum sting severely 

tetigi t a c t u m touch 
attigl (tactum) border on, reach 

tetendi tentum stretch (tr.) 
attend! attentum attend to 

-tend! -tentum exert (myself) 

-tend! \extentum e xtenc/ (tr.) 
j extensum 

- tend! ostentatum show 
abdid! a b d i t u m put away, hide 
credid! creditum believe 

- did! - ditum give up 

-did! -ditum give out 

- did! - ditum transmit 
reddidi redditum give back 



Abscidere, cut oft 
Praecidere, c. off 

Con-, c, to pieces 



Ad te accurro 



Tibt succurro 



Falsus, false 

Tibi parco, t. 

(Ex) patria p. 
Navem ad ripam 
(With a request) 
Vim vi repellere 

Pecuniam in res 
vanas impendere 



Canit cervus; canit 
homo voce, fidibus 

Pungit me, quod 
scribis 



Rhenum a., b. on 

Manus ad te t. 

Animum a. ad - a. 

Stuporem eius 
attende, mark his 
stupidity 



See dare, pg. 85. 

illhi crede 

Hosti me d. , sur- 
render 
Addere, add 

Condere, found 

Prodere, betray 



94 



LIST OF VERBS 
THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 



Present with Reduplication 
bi-bere bibi potum drink 



con-si-stere, 


c 6 n s t i 1 1 — i V 1 *™ ?"/* seIf > 
I halt (mtr.) 


In loco c. 

Hie consistimus 


290 desistere 


-stiti — leave off 


Caede desiste 


resistere 


-stiti — resist 


Vix r. dolori 


circumsistere 


-stetT — (p. 85, 12) surround 


Plures paucos c. 




Reduplication lost 




percellere 


perculi perculsum knock down 




antecellere 
295 excellere 
contiindere 


^praestiti — excel 
contudi contusum crush, bruise 


Tibi anteoello 
Vobis ( plur. !) e. 


obtundere 


obtudl obttlSUm blunt . the mind) 


Multa mentem o. 


retundere 


rettudl retusum bhmt{the sword) 




findere 


fid! fissum split 




300 diffindere 


diffidl diffissum cleave asunder 


See n. 198, a. 


scindere 


scicli scissum tear assunder 




rescindere 


rescidl rescissum tear down, annul 


Pontem, acta r. 


Perfect formed by lengthening of Vowel 




emere 


emi emptum buy 




coemere 


-emi -emptum buy up 




305 adimere 


- emi - emptum take a way 


Tibi pecuniam a. 


dirimere 


diremi dlremptum separate, end 


Nox proelium d. 


comere 


compsi comptum adorn, dress 




demere 


dempSl demptum take away from 


Tibi molestiam d. 


promere 
310 sumere 


prompsi promptum take out 
Siimpsi Siimptlim take (for myself) 


Interimere, do 
away with 


lege re 


legi lectum read 


Relegere, r. again 


(legare 


legavi legatum send 




perlegere 


-legi -lectum read through 




colligere 
315 deligere 


collegi collectum collect, gather 
delegi delectum choose 


Eligere - seligere 
= deligere 


diligere 


dilexi dilectum esteem highly 


Nunc amo, ante 


intellegere 


intellexi intellectum see into 


diligebam 


neglegere 


neglexi neglectum neglect, slight 





LIST OF VERBS 
THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 



95 



agere 

320 peragere 


eg! 
-egi 


actum drive, act, do 
- actum carry thro' 


Circumagere, 
drive around 


abigere 


-egi 


-actum drive away 


Adigere, drive to 


stibigere 


-egi 


- actum subjugate 




ambigere 


— 


— dispute about 




cogere 


coegi 


co actum gather, force 


Te emere coegit 


325 degere 


egi 


actum spend 


Vitam degere 


frangere 


fregi 


fractum break to pieces 


Portas refringere, 


confringere 


- fregi 


-fractum dash to pieces 


break open 


relinqnere 


reliqui 


relictum leave behind 


de - 1., tr'gress 


•vincere 


V1C1 


vie turn conquer 




330 convincere 


-V1C1 


-victum convict 


Te furti convinco 


rump ere 


rupi 


ruptum burst, rend 


Vincula, foedus r. 


corrumpere 


-rupi 


-ruptum bribe, spoil 


Pro~r., b. forth 


fund ere 


ffidi 


fusum pour, rout 


Adversaries f. 


Perfects without apparent change of Stem 




accendere 


aecendi 


accensum kindle {above) 




335 incerulere 


incendi 


incensum k- ( on every 

side of ) 




suceendere 


succendo 


SUCCensum k. (underneath) 




scandere 


— 


— mount, climb 


Alpes tran— sc. 


ascendere 


ascend! 


ascensum mount, climb 


Murum a — sc. 


descendere 


descend! 


descensum descend (de) 


Navein con — sc. 


340 excudere 


excudi 


excusum hammer out 




defend ere 


defend! 


defensum {™ a f d ? ff 


Bellum def. 






\ defend 


Castraab h. d. 


prehendere 


prebend! prehensum lay hold of 


comprehendere, 


deprehendere 


- prebend! 


-prehensum surprise 


seize, grasp 


consldere 


consed! 


— sit down 


Hie in umbra c. 


345 possidere 


possed! 


possessum occupy 




possidere 


possed! 


possessum possess 





Note: -sed! and -sessum are forms of sedere. 
pandere pand! passum spread out 

vertere vert! versum turn 

animadvertere -vert! -versum ^ observe 

( punish 

350 evertere -vert! -versum overturn, 

destrov 



Mandere, chew 
Terga, v., Bee 

Quae fiant, a'e 
Ineum a'o 

Avertere, t, away 



96 

vellere 

visere 

angere 

furere 
355 vergere 



LIST OF VERBS 

THIRD CONJUGATION : ere, 5 

vellT vulsum pluck 

visi — view; visit 

sollicitavisollicita- cause 

turn distress 

Insanivi — be furious 

— — be situated 



Verbs in uo (vo) 
Perfect without any apparent change of Stem 



acuere 

arguere 

argiitus 
co arguere 
red arguere 

360 imbuere 
exuere 
induere 
minuere 
statuere 

365 constituere 
tribuere 
luere 
luere 
abluere 

370 abnuere 
annuere 
respuere 
ruere 
dlruere 

375 obruere 
congruere 
metuere 
solvere 
persolvere 
volvere 



facutus(adj.) 
acui I sharp, sharpen 

Y pointed 
argui accusatum charge with 
( adj . ) , expressive ; sagacious 

COnvictum convict, prove 

refutatum refute 



- argui 

- argui 

-imbui 
exui 
indui 
minui 
statu! 

- stitui 
tribui 
lui 
lui 
ablui 

abnui 

annu! 

respui 

rui 

dirui 

obrui 
congrui 
metui 
soIyi 
-sol VI 
vol VI 



imbutum 

exutum 

indutum 

minutum 

statutum 



moisten 
pull off 
put on 
diminish(tr.) 
set up, decide 

determine 



impart, grant 

wash off 
expiate 
wash off 



- stitutum 
tributum 
ablutum 
expiatum 
ablutum 

recusatum refuse 

COncessum nod, assent to 

repudiatum reject, spurn 
ruiturus fall, rush 
dirutum demolish 

obrutum overwhelm 

— agree 

— fear 
solutum loose, pay 

— solutum pay 
volutum roll 



invisere, visit 



Angi, feel d. 



Ad septent. v. 



Acutus homo 
Serram, mentem a 
Acute responde 
Te sceleris arguo 
Capitis, te accuso 
Te avaritiae c. 
Te, orationem r. 

Humanitatem e. 
Annulum mi hi i. 

Statuam ei st. 
Idem facere c. 

Di luere, (like 
abl. ) wash away 

Crimen diluo 
Nihil tibi abnuo 
Toto capite id a. 
Spuere, -i, spit 
Sciens in mala r. 

Corr., i, (intr.) 

fall down 

Tecum congruo 
M., ne, fear that. 
Navem, set sail 
Promissa, vota p. 



LIST OF VERES 



97 



distinguere 
exstinguere 
unguere ( 
ungere f 

385 fluere ) 
St. Aug / 
struere | 
St. strug J 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 

Perfects formed by s 

s tin xi -stmctum distinguish 
stmxi -stinctum put out 

unxi unctum anoint 



vivere 
St. vig 



fluxi 
struxT 
vi xi 



/fluxus, adj. aow 
(fleeting 



structum 
victurus 



build 
live 



Vera a falsis d. 



Divitiis affluens 
overt! . with riches 

Aciem instruere, 
place in battle ar- 
ray 

Vitam vivere 
Cum virtute v. 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, io (conj. pg. 78) 
Perfects formed by v or u 



cupere 


cupio 


cupivi 


cupitum 


desire, long for 


sapere 


sapio 


sapivi 


— 


he wise, savor of 


39orapere 


rapio 


rapui 


raptum 


rob; snatch 


diripere 


-ripio 


-ripui 


- reptum 


plunder 






Perfect formed by s 




conspicere -spieio 


-spexi 


- spectum 


get sight of 


suspicere 


-spieio 


-spexi 


-spec turn 


look up to 


siispicari siispieatus 


sum 




suspect 


395 elicere 


-licio 


elicui 


-licitum 


lure forth 


illicere 


-licio 


ill exi 


illectum 


/ seduce 


pellicere 


-licio 


pellexi 


pellectum 


{inveigle 


allicere 


-licio 


allexi 


— 


allure 


concutere 


-cutio 


-CUSSl 


-cussum 


shake 


400 percutere 


-cutio 


-cuss! 


-cussum 


strike, pierce 




Perfects formed by Reduplication 


parere 


pario 


peperi 


/partum 

^ nnn+iirnc 


bring forth 



partus, acquired; paratus, ready 

Perfects formed by Lengthening of Vowel 

cap ere capio cepi captum take, seize 

accipere -cipio -cepi -ceptum get 

decipere -cipio -cepi -ceptum cheat 

405 suscipere -cipio -cepi -ceptum take up 



98 



LIST OF VP:RB8 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, io (Conj. pg. 78) 



facere (203) facio feci factum 

Passive, fieri etc., 237. 

assuefacere -facio -feci -factum 

patefacere -facio -feci -factum 

vacuefacere -facio -feci -factum 

The Pass, of -facio is -fio ; Accent: 

410 conficere -ficio -feci -fectum 



make, do 

accustom 

open 

empty 

facis (8, c.) 

accomplish 



The Pass, of -ficio is -ficior; Accent: conficis 



lacere 

abicere 
proicere 
fodere 
415 confodere 
fugere 
aufugere 
confugere 



iacio l e c i 

icio (4,11) -ieci 



-ici6 

fodio 
-fodio 

fugio 

- fugio 

- fugio 



-ieci 
fodi 

-fodi 

fugi 

-fugi 

-fugi 



iactum 

- iectum 

- iectum 
fossum 

- fossum 
(fugiturus) 



throw 

throw away 

fling away 

dig 

stab 

flee 

flee from 

flee to 



VERBA INCOHATIVA : INCHOATIVES 

Inchoatives are derivatives (253), formed from verbs, adjec- 
tives and substantives; they are called inchoatives (incohare, begin) 
because they usually denote the beginning of an action or a condition. 

-seo = begin to 
1. Inchoatives whose Radical Word is unknown 



discere 

420 dediscere 
poscere 

deposcere 
reposcere 
pascere 
425 pasci 
crescere 
noscere 



didici — 

dedidici — 

poposci postulatum 

depoposci — 

repetivi repetitum 

pavi pastum 
pastus sum 

crevT — 

novi — 



learn 

unlearn, forget 

demand 

demand earnestly 

demand back 

pasture (tr.) 

pasture (intr.) 

grow 

come to know 



no vi, know notus (adj.) known 



LIST OF VERBS 



99 



THIRD CONJUGATION: ere, 6 



sret to know 



cognoscere cognovi cognitum 

cognovi know well 
agnoscere agnovi agnitum 

ignovi ignotum 

ignotus (adj.), unknown 
quievi quietfirus 

quietus (adj.), quiet 
consuevi — 
consuevi, am accustomed; assuetus (a.) accustomed 
labore assuetus, accustomed to labor 
assuevi - soleo; assueveram = solebam 



430 ignoscere 



quiescere 



consuescere 



acknowledge 
forgive (tibi) 

repose 

accustom oneself 



2. INCOHATIVA VERB ALIA (Root- word a Verb ) 

Perfect of inchoative = Perfect of root-verb. 
Only sciscere has a pf. part. 



mveterare 
render old 

(olere, grow) 

435 

florere 
horrere 



senere 

be old 
tacere 
440 timere 
valere 

ardere 
alere 
vivere 
445 cupere 
dormire 



scire 



inveterascere inveteravi become fixed 
inveteratus (adj.), rooted 

adolescere adolevi grow up 

adultus (adj.), grown up 
obsolescere obsolevi fall into disuse 

obsoletus (adj.) worn out 
efflorescere efflorui 

prehorrescere prehorrui 
consenescere consenui 

amicus c, vires, leges c. 
conticescere conticui 

pertimescere pertimui 
convalescere convalui 



begin to flourish 
begin to shudder 
gro w old, weak 

cease speaking 
begin to dread 
regain health 



exardescere exarsi become inflamed 

coalescere coalui grow together 

reviviscere revixi revicturus revive 
concupiscere concupivi covet 
obdormiscere obdormivi fall asleep 

sciscere scivi scitum (67) decree 

mihi mortem conscisco, commit suicide 
a rege descisco, fall away from... 



LOtu 



100 LIST OF VERBS 

THIRD CONJUGATION : ere, 6 
3. INCOHATIVA NOMINALIA (Root-word a Noun) 

creber percrebrescere percrebrui 

durus obdurescere (ad) obdurui 

450 mattirus maturescere maturui 

mutus obmutescere obmutui 

vanus evanescere evanui 

gravis ingravescere — 

puer repuerascere — 



209. 



condire 

custodire 

educare 



gain ground 
become insensible 
grow ripe 
grow dumb 
vanish [some 

become burden- 
become a boy 

again 



FOURTH CONJUGATION: ire, io 
Perfects formed by v 

Like a n dire: 
season, embalm lenire soften, soothe 

watch over munire fortify 

educate servire serve (Tibi s.) 

With irregularities: 



455 scire (204) scivi scitum know 

nescire -scivi -scitum not to know 

Inst, of pres. part, use : ignorans, msciens 
sepelire sepelivi sepultum bury 



aperire 

operire 

460 salire 

desilire 



refercire 
fulcire 
saepire 
465 sancire 
sarcire 
vincire 
haurire 



Perfects formed by u 

aperui apertum open 

operui opertum cover 

salui — leap, hop 

desilui — leap down 

Perfects formed by s 

refers! refertum stuff, fill up 

fulsi fultum prop up 

saepsi saeptum hedge in 

sanxi sanctum ratify 

sarsi sartum repair, mend 

vinxi vinctum bind, fetter 

hausT haustum draw 



Utrum sciens fecit 
an inciens ? 



Ex equo, ad pedes 



Refertus, full: 
domus referta 
rebus omnibus, 
civium or civibus 

Sanctus, holy, 



E fonte h. 



LIST OF VERES 



101 



FOURTH CONJUGATION : ire, io 
sentire sens! sensum feel, deem 



470 consentire - sensi 
lissentire - sensi 



- sensum 

- sensum 



agree ( 544) 
differ 



Perfects formed by Reduplication 

jperire rep perl rep er turn find out 
>mperire comperi compertum learn 

'erfects formed by Lengthening- of Vowel 



enire 

475 ad venire 
con venire 

invenire 

pervenire 

subvenire 



veni 

- veni 

- veni 

- veni 

- veni 

- veni 



ventum 

- ventum 

- ventum 

- ventum 

- ventum 

- ventum 



come 

arrive 

come together 

find 

come to 

come to assist 



Without Perfect and Participle-Stem 

*80 ferire 

(percussi pereussum 
amicire 



esurire 



/ici ictum 

(percuss! pereussum 

— amictus wrap about 

_ f desire to eat 

\be hungry 



210. Deponents of the First Conjugation: an, or 

(These are all regular and follow hortarl.) 

arbitrari arbitratus sum believe, deem 

Part, arbitratus, supposing 
cunctari cunctatus sum 
485 gloriari gloriatus sum 
gratulan gratulatus sum 

minari . minatus sum) 
minitari minitatus sum/ 

moratus sum 



morari 

490 opitulari opitulatus sum 

precari precatus sum 

versari versatus sum 



hesitate • 
glory in 
congratulate 

threaten 

f retard (tr.) 
\tarry (intr.) 
bring help to 
ask, beg 
(dwell, be; 
\ be engaged in 



Unum atque 

idem s. 
Tibi, tecum c. 
A te, tecum d. 



Quis fecerit, r. 
Certo de eo c. 



Ad te v. 
Romam, at R. 
In unum locum 

Quo intendit, p. 
Tibi in hac re s. 



Foedus ferire 
Securi eum f 
Toga amictus 
Desiderativa in 
urio have pres. st. 
only. 



Accedere c. 
Victoria g. 
Tibi de hac re g. 
Ei crucem m. 

Si quid te moratur 
Athenis morari 
Tibi o. 
Deum p., ut. 
In foro v. 
In re diff. v. 



102 


LIST OF 


VERBS 




211. Deponents of the Second Conjugation = eii, eor 




liceri 


licitus sum 


bid on 


Iiortos 1. 


polliceri 


pollicitus sum 


promise 


Hoc tibi p. 


495 misereri 


miseritus sum 


pity 


Vestri m 'eor 


miserari 


miseratus sum 


deplore 


Vos miseror 


tueri 


tutatus sum 


guard, look to 


Tutus (a. ) safe 


intueri 


aspexi 


look at 




vereri 


veritus sum 


fear, revere 


V., ne; If. that 


soo f a teri 


fassus sum \ 


confess 


Confessa res. 


con fit eri 


confessus sum / 


^See n. 197) 


mederi (intr.) sanavT (trans.) 


heal 


M. tibi; s. te 


(reri [no pres. part.] ratus sum 


deem, believe) 


Ratus, deeming, 
is rare 


212. Deponents of the Third Conjugation : I, or 




frui 


fusus sum 
) frui turns 


enjoy 


Pace f. 


205 perfrui 


perfructus sum 


enjoy fully 


Laetitia p. 


fungi 


functus sum 


perform 


Munere f., 


labi 


lapsus sum 


glide, fall 


perform a duty 


loqui 


locutus sum 


speak, talk 


Inter nos Pmur 


colloqui 


collocutus sum 


converse 


Per litteras c. 


510 n jti 


/nixus sum 


flean, rest on 


Scuto, spe n. 




)(nisus sum) 


\ strive 


N", lit, strive to 


amplecti 


amplexus sum 


embrace 




queri 


questus sum 


complain 


De te, multa qu. 


sequi 


secutus sum 


follow 


Te sequor 


assequi 


assecutus sum 


f obtain by 


Tibi obsequor 


515 consequi 


consecutus sum 


\ exertion 


comply w. you 


ivti 


usus sum 


use 


Hac re u. ad... 


abuti 


abusus sum 

Present in ior: 


use up, misuse 


Potestate. . . 


aggredi 


aggressus sum 


attack 


Gradi, step 


congredi 


congressus sum 


meet with, tight 


Cum hostibus, 


520 mori 


mortuus sum 


die 




Part. 


morittirus 






pati 


passus sum 


suffer 


Eos ire p. 


perpetl 


perpessus sum 


suffer patiently 





LIST OF VERBS 



103 



Inchoatives in scor: 



adipisci adeptus sum 

nancisci nanctus or nactus sum 
525 experglsci experrectus sum 

/iratus (adj.) fui 
\suscensui 
obi it us sum 
recordatus sum 
natus sum 
profectus sum 
ulcisci ultus sum 

vesci vixi or altus sum 



irasci 

oblivisci 
reminisci 
nasci 
530 proficisci 



attain by effort 
get by accident 
awake (intr.) 

be angry 

forget 
remember 
be born 
set out 
avenge 
subsist on 



Studiis id a. 
, Occasionem n. 

j Tibi i. or s. 

Tni, rei or rem o. 

} Tui, rei rem in. 

( De te, rem rec. 
No part, in urus 
Ab urbe, ex Asia 
Inimicum, amicum 
Lacte; caseo v. 



213. Deponents of the Fourth Conjugation : iri, ior 



blandm 

adulari 

535 largiri 

men tin 

moliri 

partiri 
540 impertire 
potiri 
sortiri 

assentiri 
545 experiri 



blanditus sum 

adulatus sum 
largitus sum 
mentitus sum 

molitus sum 

partitus sum 
ivT -Itum 
potitus sum 
sortitus sum 

assensus sum 
expertus sum 



flatter 

flatter 

bestow 

lie, deceive 
fset in motion 
\set about 

share, divide 

impart 

become master of Tota classe, rerum 

get by lot Also: draw lots 



Te adulor 
Tibi hoc largior 

j In eurn hoc m'ris 
Ancoras m. 
Maiora m. 
Dispertire, 
distribute 



give assent to 
j try, test 
} experience 

await, wait 
measure 
begin 
rise 



opperirl oppertus sum 

metiri mensus sum 

ordiri orsus sum 

oriri ortus sum 

Fut. part.: oriturus 

Note: Oriri and its cpds. exc. adoriri follow the 
3d Conjugation: oreris, oritur etc. The only forms 
of the 4th Conjugation are : 

oriri and orirer etc. = orerer etc. 
550 adoriri adortus sum attack 



Omnia tibi a. 
Vim veneni exp. 
Omnia experiri 
Ibi, tempora sua 
Di-m., m. out 
j 0, ab. with 
Sol oritur 
Tempestas co-o. 

Caligo ob-o 

F Rhenus oritus 

Ex hepontiis 

Adoriris 



104 



IRREGULAR VERBS 



214. VERBA IMPERSONALIA : IMPERSONAL VERBS 

A verb is used impersonally, when its action is ascribed to an indeterminate 
subject. This subject is indicated by the 3d ps. sg. neuter: 

ningit, it snows. 

By usage, however, all those verbal forms of the 3d ps. which do not take a 
substantive as their subject, are (less accurately) called impersonal; their de- 
terminate subjects may be pronouns, numeral-adjectives, infinitives, phrases or 
clauses: 

hoc licet; vixisse eum paenitet; 

fit, ut de eadem re aliud alii videatur. 

Forms of impersonal verbs (219) 

Pres. : paenitet, paeniteat, paenitere 

Impf. : paenitebat, paeniteret — 

Fut. I. : paenitebit — — 

Perf. : paenituit, paenituerit, paenituisse 

Plupf. : paenituerat, paenituisset 

Fut. II.: paenituerit — — 

Note: The imperative is supplied by the subjunctive: 
Pudeat te, be ashamed 

215. 1. Always impersonal are: 



paenituit repent 
piguit annoy 

/puduit (put to 

Ipuditumest \shame 
pertaesum est disgust 
/personal form fmove to 
\miseritus sum\pity 
oportuit ought 

retulit [ heof 

(moment 

216. 2. Usually impersonal are : 

a. Verbs denoting operations of nature: 



Paenitere 


paenitet 


pigere 


piget 


pudere 


pudet 


taedere 


taedet 


555 miserere 


miseret 


oportere 


oportet 


referre 


refert 



fulgere 
ton are 
560 pluere 
ningere 
lucere 
liicescere 



fulget 

tonat 

pluit 

ningit 

lucet 

lucescit 



advesperascere 



fulsit 

tonuit 

pluit 

(mnxit) 

luxit 

luxit 

(-avit) 



lighten 
thunder 
rain 
snow 
be light 
grow light 
gro w dark 



Eum huius rei 

paenitet (p., p., 
t, m.,): 
He repents, 
is annoyed etc. 



Te ire oportet 

Hoc mea nihil 
refert 



Tonat, it th'a; 

but also 
Iuppiter tonat 

Dilucescit; 
but also: 
Dies illucescit 



IMPERSONAL VERBS 



105 



b. Four other verbs : 

565 decere decet decuit be becoming 

dedecere -decet -decuit beunbecom J g 

libere libet libuit suit 

licere licet licuit be allowed 

217. 3. Personal in one meaning, 

Impersonal in another are : 

iuvat itivit delight 

fallit fefellit escape 



mvare 
570 fallere 
fugere 
praeterire 

apparere 
liquere 
575 patere 
constare 
conducere 
expedire 
converrire 



fugit 
praeterit 

apparet 

liquet 

patet 

constat 

conducit 

expedit 

convenit 



uivit 
fefellit 
fugit 
praeteriit 

apparuit 

licuit 

patuit 

constitit 

conduxit 

expedivit 

convenit 



factum est] 
accidit 



sso fieri fit 

accidere accidit 

contingere contingit contigit 

evenlre evenit evenit 

restare restat restitit 

585 accedere accedit accessit 

placere placet placuit 

praestare praestat praestitit 

attinere attinet attinuit 

interesse interest interfuit 



escape 
escape 

be evident 
be clear 
be manifest 
be well known 
serve 
be useful 
be lit 

happen: 

lit etc., 
ut 

remain 



Ea te decent 
Te irasci dedecet 
Hoc mihi libet 
Haec ei licent 



ile iuvat, it d. 

Me fallit 
Me fugit 
Me praeterit 

Deum esse appa- 
ret, 1., p., c. 



Te id facere 

Conducit, expe- 
dit, convenit 



Omnia fiunt 
Mala accidunt 

Bona contingunt 
B. et m. eveniunt 



Restat, ut 



! Accedit ut, quod 
j Mihi placet 



be added 

please 

be better j Mihi praestat 

concern j A d me attinet 

be of moment Eius, mea interest 



218. 



4. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs 



Venitur, they (impers.) come; ventum est, they came 
pugnatur, there is fighting; pugnatum est, there was a fight 
But also: pugna pugnata est, the fight was fought 



106 IMPERSONAL AND DEFECTIVE VERBS 

219. Note: Excepting the infinitive, noun-forms of impersonal 
verbs are rare : 

Indue! ad pudendum, ad pigendum. 
Tanta vis rait paenitend! (sorrow). 
Errorem corrigere paenitendo. 
Consili! nostrl nobis paenitendum puto. 

Libens, pudens, paenitens, \ are 
willing, modest, repentant, j adjectives 

220. VERBA DEFECTIVA : DEFECTIVE VERBS 

590 Coepi, have begun (supplied by incipio) 

incipere coepi jmceptum begin 

Perfect System complete: coepi, coeperim... coepisse; 
Partic. System only: coeptus, coeptus sum, coeptum esse. 

Note: Coeptus sum, instead of coepi, is used with a passive 
infinitive which has passive meaning; the same holds good of desi- 
tus sum, instead of desii (destiti): 

Res mover! coepta est, the thing began to be moved; 
but res mover! coepit, the thing began to move itself; 

res lab! coepit, the thing began to move. 

(The 1st infin. has passive, the 2d reflexive, the 3d active meaning. ) 

mem in!, memento, remember 

Perfect System \ memin!, memineram, meminero etc., meminisse 

complete ) remember, remembered, shall remember, to rem. 

Imperative: memento, mementote, remember 

(Supplied by reminisc!; recordar!) 

6d!, osurus, hate 

Perfect System\ 6d!, oderam, odero, etc. odisse 
complete / hate, hated, shall hate, to hate 

Partic. System : osurus, osurus sum, osurum esse 

Passive : odio esse alicu!, in odio esse apud.... 

(Supplied by odium in aliquem habere.) 



DEFECTIVE VERBS 107 

a i 6 , / affirm, I say yes (Nego from negare : I say no. ) 
Pres. Indie: aio, ais, ait; aiunt; Perfect Indie.: ait. 
Impf. Indie.: aiebam, aiebas etc. 
Ain (=aisne)? Really, indeed, is it possible ? 

inquam (inserted in direct quotations), say I, said I. 

Pres. Indie: inquam, inquis, inquit; inquiunt 
Impf. " — — inquiebat; 

Future i4 — inquies, inquiet 

Perfect " — inquisti, inquit 

Video, video, inquam, non eogito solum. 
(Supplied by dicere.) 

595 fa n d 6 audire, learn by hearsay. 

affari affatur, affatus sum address 

praefari praefatur, praefatus sum say beforehand 

Note : Forms of fan (speak) and its cpds. are rare 

quaeso, quaes umus: I, we beg 

Note: Quaeso is used especially to soften the imperative : 

Ouaeso, attendc, ; attende quaeso 

quaeso, ut attendatis; quaeso, quid hoc est? 

salve, salvete; salvere te iubeo: 
used at meeting : hail! welcome! 

vale, valete; valere te iubeo: 
used at separating : farewell ! 

have (ave), havete (avete); havere (avere) te iubeo : 
used at both meeting and separating: hail, farewell ! 

coo- cedo, say, let us hear! give, out with it ! 

cedo, quid postea? let us hear, what then? 
cedo, quaeso, codicem : please, hand the book, 



108 



irregular verbs 



221 



VERBA ANOMALA = IRREGULAR VERBS 



esse, sum, fuT, futurus, to be 


Indicativus Coniunctivus (183) 


1. 
2. 
3. 


sum 

es 

est 


Praesens : / am 

sumus sim simus 
estis sis sitis 
sunt sit sint 


1. 

2. 
3. 


eram 

eras 

erat 


Imperfectu 

eramus 

eratis 

erant 


m : I was 

essem essemus 
esses essetis 
esset essent 


1. 
2. 
3. 


ero 
eris 
erit 


Futurum '. 

erimus 

eritis 

erunt 


[.: I shall be 


1. 

2. 
3. 


fuT 

fuisti 

fuit 


Perfectum : I myz 

fuimus 
fuistis 
fuerunt 


ts, I have been. 

fuerim fuerimus 
fueris fueritis 
fuerit fuerint 


1. 
2. 
3. 


fueram 

fueras 

fuerat 


Plusquam perfect 

fueramus 

fueratis 

fuerant 


um: I had been 

fuissem fuissemus 
fuisses fuissetis 
fuisset fuissent 



Futurum II. : I shall have been 



1. fuero fuerimus 

2. fueris fueritis 

3. fuerit fuerint 



Probus sum, improbus non sum; 
Pueri probi sumus, erimus 



ESSE AND ITS COMPOUNDS 



109 



Imperativus praesentis: es be thou este be ye 

Imperativus futuri: esto thou shalt be estote ye shall be 



Infinitivus praesentis: esse 
Infinitivus perfect!: fuisse 

Inf Initivus futuri (ftiturum am urn etc esse 
\or: fore (unchangeable) 

Participium futuri: futurus, a, um 



to be 

to have been 

to be about to be 
about to be 



222,. Instead of esto, he shall be, and sunto, they shall be 
commonly sit and sint are used (204) 

Note: Forem, fores, foret, forent = essem, esses, esset, essent. 



223, 



Compounds of esse 



1. abesse 


absum 


afui 


afuturus 


be absent 


ab 


sens absent 






2. adesse 


jadsum 
(assum 


adfuT 
affui 


adfuttirus 
affuturus 


be present 


praesens present 






3. deesse 


desum 


defui 


defuturus 


be lacking 


4. interesse 


intersum 


interfui 


interfuturus 


be among 


5, obesse 


obsum 


obfuT 


obfuturus 


hinder 


6. praeese 


praesum 


praefui 


praefuturus 


have charge of 


7. prodesse 


prosum 


profui 


profuturus 


he useful 


8. superesse 


supersum 


superfui 


superfuturus be lent, remain 


9. inesse 


insum 


(fuT in) 




be in 


10. subesse 


subsum 


(fui sub) 




be under, near 



224. Note: Prodesse is a compound of prod (=pro) and esse: 
its d appears before e only: prodes, prodero. 



225. Note: Ab urbe abest 
Prudentiaei deest 
Tibi obsum, prosum 
Nulli d e inimicis supersunt 
In eo (in) est scientia 



Ad portam adest 
Pugnae naval i interest 
Exercitui praeest 
Spes salutis tibi superest 
In ea re subest suspicio 



Rhenus, hiems subest 



110 IRREGULAR VERBS 

226. Posse, possum , potui be able, can 

Iridicativus Coniunctivus 

fpos-sum pos-sumus pos-sim pos-simus 

Praes.:<jpot-es pot-estis pos-sis pos-sitis 

[pot-est pos-sunt pos-sit pos-sint 

Impf.: pot-eram etc. pot-eramusetc. pos = sem etc. pos-semus etc. 
Fut. I: pot - ero etc. pot - erimus etc. 

Pf. S'ms.: pot-ui, pot-uerim, pot-ueram, pot-uissem, pot-uero 
Infin.: posse, to be able potuisse, to have been able 
potens (adj.), mighty 
(No other forms) 

Note: Posse is a compound of pot (=pote, able) and sum 
possum = pote sum; posse = pote esse 

potui and potens are forms of a former verb potere. 

227- Bdere, edi, esum, eat : regular (See vb. 285) 

Secondary Forms 

es, est, estis = edis, edit, editis 

essem, esses, esset etc. = ederem, ederes, ederet etc. 

es, este; esto, estote - ede, edite; edito, editote 

esse = edere 

estur, essetur = editur, ederetur 

Note: The long e alone distinguishes the secondary forms of 
edere from the forms of sum beginning with es. 

228. Ferre^ fero, tuli, latum, carry, bear 

Praesens indicativi 
Activum PassTvum 

1. fero ferimus feror ferimur 

2. fers fertis ferris ferimini 

3. fert ferunt fertur feruntur 

Imperfectum eoniunctivi 
I.- ferrem etc. ferrer etc. 



IRREGULAR VERBS 111 

228. 

Imperat. praes. fer, carry thou ferte, carry ye 

Imperat. fut. ferto, thou shalt carry fertote, ye shall carry 



Infmitivi 



ferre, to carry 






Note: All other forms are regular : 
fer am, feras etc. 
tuli, tulerim etc. 
Distinguish: feres, ferres; 



ferri, to be carried 

fer am feres etc. 
latus sum, sim etc. 
ferris, fereris, ferre ris 



229. 






Compounds of ferre 



afferre 


attuli 


allatum 


carry to, bring 


Tibi nuntium a. 


anteferre 


antetuli 


antelatum 


prefer 


Hoc isti rei a. 


auferre 


abstuli 


ablaturo 


carry away 


Id tibi (a te) au. 


conferre 


contulT 


collatum 


(carry together 
[compare 


Signa aliquo c. 
Tecum eum c. 




Me Romam 


c, I go to Rome 




deferre 


detuli 


delatum 


fbear to 
\ report 


Litteras ad te d. 
Rem ad eum d. 


differre 


distuli 


dilatum 


put off 


Id in posterum d. 


differe 


— 


— 


differ 


Re non d . ab 


efferre 


extuli 


elatum 


carry out of 


Me e. , am haughty 


Tnferre 


intuli 


illatum 


carry into 


Sociis bellum i. 


offerre 


obtuli 


oblatum 


offer 


Ultro me ei o. 


praeferre 


praetuli 


praelatum 


prefer 




referre 
sufferre 


rettuli 

S sustinui 

I sustuli 


relatum 

sustentatum 


carry back 

suffer, endure 


Gratiam r. pro, 
return thanks {in 
deed ) ; gratias agere, 
in word 


tollere 


sustuli 


sublatum{^' raise v , 
{do away with 


Saxa, clamorem t. 
Te de medio t. 


extollere 


extuli 


elatum 


raise, exalt 


Caput extollit 



Memoriam fuisse in eo singularem ferunt 

It is related that he had a memory extraordinary 



112 IRREGULAR VERBS 

230. velle, volo, volui, will, wish, want 

nolle, nolo, nolui, won't, don't want 

malle, malo, malui, choose rather, prefer 



Praesens 
indicativi 


volo 

VIS 

vult 
volumus 
vultis 
volunt 


nolo 

non vis 
non vult 
nolumus 
non vultis 
nolunt 


malo 

mavis 

m a v u 1 1 

malumus 

mavultis 

malunt 


Praesens 
coniunctivi 


velim 

veils 

velit 

velimus 

velltis 

velint 


nolim 

nolis 

nolit 

n 6 1 T m u s 

nolltis 

nolint 


malim 

mails 

malit 

malimus 

malTtis 

malint 


Imperfectum 
indicativi 


volebam 
volebas etc. 


nolebam 
nolebas etc. 


malebam 
malebas etc. 


Imperfectum 
coniunctivi 


vellem 

velles etc. 


nollem 
nolles etc. 


mallem 
malles etc. 


Futurum I. 


volam 
voles etc. 


nolam 
noles etc. 


malam 
males etc. 


Imper at. praes. 
Imperat. fut. 


— 


noli nolite 
nolito nolitote 


— 


InfTnit praes. 


velle 


nolle 


malle 


Partic. praes. 


(cupiens) 


(in Vitus) 


— 


Perfect volui, voluerim, volueram, voluissem, voluero 
Systems n 6lul, noluerim, nolueram, noluissem, noluero j 
\ malui, maluerim, malueram, maluissem, maluero 



Note: Distinguish nolles and noles, malles and males. 
Nolo is composed of ne volo; malo of mage volo. 



231. Sis ( = si vis) 

noli laudare 
nolite laudare 

Yolo probus esse 
Yolo te probum esse 
Volo tibi; (tua causa 



if you please 
don't praise 
don't praise 

I want to be honest 

I want you to be honest 

I wish you well 



IRREGULAR VERBS 



113 



j 232. Ire, eo, 


Li, itum, to go 




1 Praes. indie. | eo is 
1 Praes. coni. i earn eas 


it- 
eat 


Tmus Ttis 
eamus eatis 


eunt 
eant 


Imperf. indie, ibam ibas 
Imperf. coni. Trem ires 


ibat 
Tret 


Tbamus Tbatis 
Tremus Tretis 


Tbant 
Trent 


Futurum I. 


ibo ibis 


Tbit 


Tbimus Tbitis 


Tbunt 


Perf. indie. 1 ii isti 
Perf. coni. | ierim ieris 


iit 
ierit 


iimus Tstis 
ierimus ieritis 


ierunt 
ierint 


Plusq'p. indie. 
Plusq'p. coni. 


ieram ieras 
isseni isses 


ierat 

Tsset 


ieramus ieratis ierant 
. Tssemus Tssetis Tssent 


Futurum II. ] iero ieris 


ierit 


ierimus ieritis 


ierint 


Imperat. praes 
Inaperat. fut. 




I 
ito 


go thou Tte 
thou shaft go Ttote 


go ye 

ye shall go 



InfTnTt. praes. 
InflnTt. perf. 
InfTnTt. fut. 



Tre to go 

Tsse, to have gone 

iturum etc., esse to be about to go 



Particip. praes. 
Particip. fut. 



iens (Gen. euntis) going 
iturus, a um about to go 



Gerundium 
SupTna 



i (ad) eundum, T, 6 (to or for) going. 
itum, itu 



233. 



Passive 



Ttur Tbatur Tbitur itum est etc., they (im-pers.) go, were g. etc. 
eatur Tretur — itum sit etc., they may go, would go, etc. 

Gerundivura : eundum est one must go 

mihi, tibi, eT, eundum est, I, you, he must go 



234 



Intransitive compounds of Tre 



abTre abeo abiT abitum go away ] Passive: 

prodTre prodeo prodiT proditum go forth J^abTtur, abitum est 
redTre redeo rediT reditum go back j abeundum est, etc. 

magistratu abTre ) resign office 
or se abdicare j ° 

in publicum prodTre go out in public 

in gratiam redTre cum., be reconciled 



114 IRREGULAR VERBS 

perire, pereo, peril, periturus, perish: used as Passive 
ofperdere, perdo, perdidT, perditum, ruin 

venire, veneo, venii, — : be offered for sale: Passive 

of vendere, vendo, vendidi, venditum sell 

Perditus, perdendus 
venditus, vendendus 
are the only passive forms of perdere and vendere. 
interire, intereo, interii, interiturus, perish 
Distinguish Prodimus, prodimus 

Venimus, venimus, venimus, veniimus 



235. Transitive Compounds of Tre 

a. With a complete passive: 

adlre adeo adii aditum go to, approach 

praeterire -eo -ii -itnm go by, don't mention 

(adeor, aditus sum, adeundus sum, adiri) 

b. With a passive in the 3d ps. sg. and pi.: 

inire ineo inii initum enter upon 

(consilia ineuntur, inita aestate) 

obire obeo obii obitum 






engage m, die 

(civitates, legationes, mors obeuntur) 
subire subeo subii subitum \ ^ r f cu f a ° g , tur 

transire -eo -ii -itum go over 
Like audire: 

-,_ t ._ i- _ ,_, S canvass for votes: 

ambire ambio ambivi ambitum j popuius ambitur 

(ambiam, ambiebam, ambientis, ambitus, ambiendus) 

236. quire, queo, quivi, can 

nequire, nequeo, nequivi, can't 

Present System : like eo : non queam etc. 

Perfect System : regular ; (usually not contracted) 

Imperative, Supine, Gerund: wanting. 



IRREGULAR VERBS 



115 



237. fier 


I, fio, factus sum, become, happen, be made 


Pres. I. 
Pres. S. 


fio fis fit (fimus fitis) fiunt 
flam fias fiat j Hamus fiatis fiant 


Imp. I. 
Imp. S. 


fiebam fiebas fiebat fiebamus fiebatis fiebant 
fierem fieres fieret fieremus fieretis fierent 


Fut. I. 


flam fies fiet | fiemus fietis fient 


Pf. S'm 


factus sum, eram, ero, sim, essem 


I'tive 


not used, supplied by fias, fiatis, fiat, fiant 


Inf. Pr. 
Inf. Pf. 

Inf. Ft. 
I. F. Pass. 

P'c. Pr. 

P'c. Pf. 
P'c. Ft. 

Ger'dive 


fieri become, happen, be made 
factum etc., esse have become, been made 

fore or futurv.ni etc. esse j b , e ah , oa \ *° \ e < come ' 

\be about to happen 

factum in be about to be made 


factus etc. made, that has become 
futurus etc. about to be {come), happen 


faciendus etc. that must be made 



1. Bonus, senex fio 
Quid eo f let ? 

2. Scelera fiunt 
Utfit 

3. Consul fio 
Cupiditate caecus fio 
Opera ab iis fiebant 



I become good, an old man 
What will become of him ? 



Crimes occur 

As it usually happens 

I am made a consul 

I am blinded by passion 

The w. were being- constructed 

Note: Inchoatives (pg. 98) are often preferred to fieri, become: 

Lucescit, senesco 
With things conficT, perfici are preferred to fieri, be made : 

Opera perficiuntur 
Note: The i before er (in fieri and fierem) is short. 



110 



PREPOSITIONS 



238 PRAEPOSITIONES ■ PREPOSITIONS 

Prepositions denote : 

1. Relations of space; 

2. Relations of time; 

3. Other relations (of manner, purpose, cause etc.) 

239. I. Prepositions used with the Accusative and the Ablative: 

IN 



l.in urbem, in Italiam 
in montem 
in vallem 

2. in multam noctem 
in annum 

in posterum diem 

3. eius in patrem amor 
oratio in Catilinam 
in utramque partem 
nunc in modum 

l.in urbe, in capite 

pontem in flumine facere 

2. bis in die 

3. in septem sapientissimus 
in hoc homine 

in summa senectute 



into the capital (in) to Italy 
up the mountain, 
down into the valley 
till late in the night 
for {the space of )a year 
for the following day 
love for his father 
speech against Catiline 
for and against 
in this manner 

in the city, on the head 

to make a bridge over the river 

twice a day (in the course of) 

the wisest among the seven; {of) 

in the case of this man... 

in spite of extreme old age 



SUB 



1. sub iugum mittere 
sub montem succedere 

2. sub noctem 
sub haec dicta 

3. sub (in) potestatem redigere 

l.sub monte considere 
sub divo 

2. sub ipsa profectione 

3. sub imperio alicuius esse 



to send under the yoke 

to come to the foot of the mountain 

shortly before nightfall 

just after these words 

subdue, bring under the power of 

to settle Sit the foot of the {mountain) 

under the open sky 

sit the time of the departure 

to be in the power of someone 



PREPOSITIONS 



117 



240. II. Prepositions used with the Ablative only 

Ab, a, ex, e, de, 
coram, pro and prae, 
ten us, cum, sine. 

Note 1 : a and e are used before consonants only; 
ab and ex are used before any letter. 

(ab is rarely used before b, p, f, v, m.) 

Note 2: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum (117); 
quocum or cum quo, quacum or cum qua etc. (132); 
in all other cases cum precedes. 

Ab, a (opp. = ad ) 

1. ab urbe venire to come from the city 

2. a primis temporibus from the first times 
a pueritia = a puero (pueris) from boyhood 

ab urbe condita Sifter ( since) the building of Rome 

3. ab aliquo laudari to be praised by somebody 
ab aliquo flagitare to demand from somebody 
te ab eo defendo, tueor I defend you against him 
a. te = abs te by you 

Ex, e, (opp. in) 



1. (ex) urbe pellere 
ex equo desilire 
ex equo pugnare 
e regione solis 

2. ex quo; ex eo tempore, quo 

3. e re publica 
ex sententia 
ex aequo 

ex tempore dicere 



to drive out of the city 

to jump from the horse 

to fight on horseback 

exactly opposite the sun 

since, since the time that 

for the good of t/ze state 

according to one's wish 

in accordance with fairness 

j speak ace. to the circumstances 
\ on the spur of the moment 



118 



PREPOSITIONS 



DE, (betw. ab and ex) 



1. de muro deicere 

de terra saxum tollere 

2. de nocte profectus est 

3. de aliqua re dicere 
qua de causa 

de sententia 

de te bene mereor 

but: tua in me merita 



to throw down from the wall 

to lift the rock up from the ground 

he set out before the end of night 

to speak about something 

for which reason 

according to the opinion of 

I deserve well of you 

your deserts in my behalf 



CORAM / rare as Preposition 
^frequent as adverb 



1. coram genero meo 
Adverbially: coram adest 



in the presence of my son-in-law 
he is present in person 



PRO 



1. pro aede sedere 

but ante aedem 
pro suggestii 

2 - ~ * 

3. pro libertate mori 
pro consule proficiscor 
pro vectura solvo 
pro certo hoc dico 
pro tua prudentia 
pro tempore (et re) 



fto sit before the temple 
\(i. e. the back turned towards it) 
before (i. e. facing) the temple 
on the (front part of the) tribune 

to die for liberty (in defence of) 
I set out in place of the consul 
I pay for the transportation 
I say this for certain 
in accordance with your wisdom 
according to circumstances 



PRAE 

1. prae se ferre (pugionem) to carry (a dagger) before one's self 

2. — — 

3. aliquid prae se ferre to show (make a show of ) something 
prae maerorelo qui non potuitfor (prevented by) sadness (he could 

not speak) 
prae ceteris iustus just, compared with the rest 

but praeter ceteros iustus juster than the rest 



Note: Prae se is used with ferre, gerere, mittere, agere. 



PREPOSITIONS 119 

TENUS 

(Postpositive; mostly poetical) 
1. Tauro tenus regnare to rule as far as the Taurus 

CUM 

1. cum patre venit he came with his father 

2. cum prima luce domum venit he came home at early dawn 

3. cum toga pulla sedeo I sit in the dark toga [sword 
cum gladio in eum invasit he rushed upon him with a 
aliquid secum reputare) 

aliquid cum animosuo \to think, reflect about someth. 

reputare) 

SINE 

3. Sine ulla spe without any hope 

241. Hi. Prepositions used with the Accusative only 

Apud, ad and penes; 
itixta, prope, propter; 
ob, adversus, erga, contra; 
infra, supra, intra, extra; 
citra, ultra, cis and trans; 
ante, post, secundum, praeter; 
circum, circa, circiter; 
super, per and inter. 

APUD (used chiefl}' with persons). 

1. apud eum sedebat he sat near him 

apud senaturo verba fecit he spoke before the senate 

2. apud maiores nostros at the time of our ancestors 

3. apud Platonem in the works of Plato 
hut: in Phaedro Platonis in Pluto's Phaedrus 

apud amicum cenavi I dined in the house of my friend 

apud me impius nihil valet an impious person has no 

influence over me 



J 20 



PREPOSITIONS 



AD (used chiefly with places) 



1. ad urbem esse, ad Cannas 
ad flumen esse 

ad urbem Ire 

ad amicum venire, scri'bere 
usque ad castra accessit 
ad Oceanum (versus) 

2. ad multam noctem 
ad vesperum 

3. homo ad aliquid utilis 
ad quadringentos sunt 
ad unum omnes adsunt 
but praete,r unum omnes 
ad verbum 



ae 



to be near the city; near Cannae 
to be near (on the banks of) 

to go to the city [the river 

to come, write to him 

he approached as far as the camp 

towards the Ocean 

till late in the night 

toward evening 

a man useful for something [400 

there are about (they amount to) 

all without exception are present 

all with the exception of one 

word for word 



PENES (with persons only) 
3 Penes Caesarem under the control, in the power of Caesar 

IUXTA, PROPE, PROPTER 

1. iuxta murum close to the wall 

prope murum = prope (adv.) near the wall 

a muro 
propter murum consedimus we sat down near the wall 
Note: Also the adj. propior, ) 

proximus \take the accus. (or the dative) 
and the adv. propius, proxime J 
3. propter pacem on account of the actual peace 

but pacis causa (Position!) for the sake of obtaining peace 

OB 

1. exsilium mihi ob oculos versatur banishment is before my eyes 

3. ob earn causani for that reason 

ADYERSUS, ERGA, CONTRA 

(Commonly of hostile, friendly, hostile feelings ) 



1. ad versus or contra montem 
3. ad versus or contra hostem 
adversus ilium est modestus 
summus erga vos amor 
voluntas erga Caesarem 



opposite the mountain 
against the enemy 
towards him he is modest 
his great love for you 
good- will for Caesar 



PREPOSITIONS 121 

INFRA, SUPRA, INTRA, EXTRA 

1. infra sldera, supra sldera below £/ze stars, above the stars 
intra fines, extra, fines within the borders, outside 

2. intra decern annos within ten years [the borders 

CITRA, ULTRA, CIS and TRANS 

1. citra Rhenum, ultra Rhenum on this side of, beyond the. 

Rhine 
cis Rhenum, trans Rhenum bordering- on this side, on the 

farther side 

ANTE, POST, SECUNDUM, PRAETER 

1. ante castra (see pro) before (i. e. facing) the camp 
post castra behind the camp 

2. ante lucem before daybreak 
post proelium after the battle 

post hominum memoriam as far as records go back 

1. iter secundum mare a march along the sea-coast 

2. secundum ludos immediately after the games 

3. secundum Deumparentesamandi next to God our p. are to be loved 
secundum naturam (opp. contra) in accordance with nature 

1. praeter castra past the camp 

3. praeter consuetudinem contrary to custom 

praeter modum beyond measure 

praeter te nemo (see prae) no one except you 

CIRCUM, CIRCA, CIRCITER 

1. circum urbem round the city 

templa circa forum the temples about the forum 

2. circiter meridiem about noon 

Note: Circiter usually is an adverb: media, circiter nocte. 

SUPER 

1. tectum super conclavia theroofover (ontopof) thero'ms 

but: supra conclavia above (not touching) the rooms 

super ( supra) Sunium uavigare to sail beyond Sunium 



122 



PREPOSITIONS 
PER 






urbem fluit 

medios hostes (Position!) 

orbem terrarum 

hiemem 

noc tern 



1. per 
per 
per 

2. per 
per 

3. hoc per procuratorem factum est 



per 
per 
per 
per 
per 



litteras colloqui 

vim plurimum possunt 

deos iurare 

me licet 

valetudinem venire non 

possum 



it Hows through the city- 
through the midst of the enemies 
all over the globe 
throughout the winter 
during" the night 
fit was done through the agency 
\ofa steward, by a steward 
to converse by (means of) letters 
they can accomplish much through 
to swear by the gods [violence 
as far as I am concerned, you may 
on account of ill health I cannot 
come 



INTER 



1. inter Sequanos et Helvetios 

2. dies 45 inter binos ludos 
inter cenam 

3. inter amicos 
inter nos amamus 



between the territory of. 
between the two games 
during dinner 
between (among) friends 
we love one another 



242. 



POSITION OF THE PREPOSITIONS 



The place of the preposition is immediately before (sometimes 
after) its norm : 

De rebus in urbe gestis 
Contra legem et pro lege 
Contra legem et pro ea 
Intra munitiones et extra (adv.) 



243. 



QUE and other enclitics 



should 



not be appended to | ab ' a ' a( J 
rr \apud, ot 



, : a Caesareque 

b, sub: ob eamque rem 



may be appended to ex and in (! n eam( l ue rem 
* rr (mque earn rem 

are (usually) appended to all other prepos.: deque Caesare. 



PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS 



123 



Note : Some prepositions retain their original use as ad- 



rbs in the following meanings 








1. 


2. 


3. 


ante 


: in front 


previously 


— 


post 


: behind 


afterwards 


— 


supra 


: above 


previously 


beyond 


infra 


: underneath 


— 


— 


coram 


: in one } s presence 


— 


personally 


prope 


: near 


— 


nearly 


extra 


: without 


— 


— 


ultra 


: on the other side 


— 


— 


circum 


: all around 


— 


— 


circiter 


: — 


about 


about 



244. 



CONIUNCTIONES = CONJUNCTIONS 



Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sen- 
tences. They are of two kinds : 

Co-ordinate Conjunctions joining co-ordinate elements of a sentence 

(words, phrases, dependent clauses having the same grammatical relation, inde- 
pendent clauses) , and 

Subordinate Conjunctions joining subordinate clauses to principal 
(leading) clauses. 

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 

245. Coniunctiones copulativae = Copulative Conjunctions 

(Denoting union) 

et and 

que (enclitic) and 

ac (only before consonants exc. c,g, q) and 

atque (before any letter) and 

etiam also, even (91) 

atque etiam and also 

quoque (postpositive) also, too 

ne - quidem {separated by the word emphasized) } , -,, 



neque 



and not; nor (146) 



124 COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 

Uses of the preceding conjunctions 

1. Three or more words are connected as follows : 

avus et pater et filius : Polysyndeton 

avus, pater, filius : Asyndeton 

avus, pater, flliusque 

Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. 

2. Que unites things that belong to one another : 

fames sitisque, hunger and thirst 
ferro ignique, -with fire and sword 

3. Atque and ac often emphasize the word following: 
Is a constantia atque a mente atque a se ipse discessit. 

4. Et - que, atque \ egs and indeed 
(often with is) J 

Summa voluptas et (ea or quidem) sempiterna 
multi clan cives many famous citizens 

multi et clan cives many (and indeed) famous c. 

5. Ktiam nunc moraris ? Even now? (emphasizing) 

Quoque joins (usually without emphasis) words only: 
Antonius quoque - Antonius etiam 

6. Ac ne illud quidem / &*<* ™t even this 

\ neither ... this 

7. neque enim (non enim ) tor not 
neque tamen (non tamen) yet not 
neque vero (non autem) hut not 

neque enim quisquam for nobody 

neque enim quicquam for nothing 

neque enim ulla causa for no cause 

neque enim umquam for never 
Note: Et non = ac non, et nemo, et numquam etc. emphasize 
the negaton : 

breve et non difficile short and not difficult 

24?6. Coniunctiones disiunctivae : Disjunctive Conjunctions 

(Denoting separation) 

aut, vel, -ve, sive, or 
(Ve, enclitic, is used to join words only.) 



COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 1l5 

USES 

1. Aut a) excludes* i Hie vincendum aut moriendum 

\ Here you must conquer or die 

b) corrects: I CunctT aut magna pars 

\ All or (more accurately) a great part 

2. Yel, -ve, sive p e r m i t choice (velle): 

Zeno vel Chrysippus Z. or (if you choose) Ch. 
plus minusve more or less 

tres quattuorve three or four 

Bacchus sive Liber B. or (also called) L. 

vel potius, sive potius\ or rather 
sen potius, atque adeoj 

Note : Vel, as adverb, = 1 ) even, 2 ) the very: 

1 ) Id vel ex hoc cognosci potest 

2 ) Vel maximus (91, c). 

247. Coniunctiones adversativae: Adversative Conjunctions 

(Denoting opposition) 

sed but 

verutn (stronger than sed) but 

at (contrasting) but 

atqui (stronger than at) but now; but anyhow 

vero (assuring) however, but... indeed 

autem but; (often = now, and) 

tamen (after a concessive) however yet, nevertheless 

verum enim vero but truly 

USES 

1. Sed verum, ut, atque are placed at the beginning 

of a sentence; vero, autem are placed after the first word, 
prepositions not counted; tamen is placed either before or 
after the first word. 

2. At is used to introduce objections ( = dices). 

3. AtquT is used chiefly in argument. 

4. Autem expresses of all adversative conjunctions, the 
weakest opposition; and may often be left untranslated. 

MurT autem hac fere forma sunt : 

Now this is usuallv the form of their walls. 



126 COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 

248. Coniunctiones causales : Causal Conjunctions. 

( Denoting cau^e ) 

nam, enim (postpositive) : for 

namque, etenini (stronger than nam):j or j . e 5" 

\and in fact 

Nam rex iussit, 
Rex enim iussit. 

249. Coniunctiones conclusivae. Illative Conjunctions 

( Denoting inference ) 

igitur (usually postpositive) \ tnere f ore 
ergo, itaque , proinde j 

USES 

1. Ergo and igitur introduce a logical conclusion: 

Nihil est praestantius Deo. Ab eo igitur necesse est mun- 
dum regi ... Omnem ergo regit ipse naturam ... Ergo utrum 
ignorant,... an vim non habent...? Nothing is more excellent 
than God. The world, then, must be governed by him.... 
Therefore he rules all nature himself.... Consequently, do 
the gods not know.... or are they without power...? 

2. Itaque introduces an actual result following from cir- 

cumstances : 

Nemo ausus est liber Phocionem sepelire. Itaque a servis 
sepultus est. No free man dared to bury Phocion; and so he 
was buried by slaves. 

3. Proinde introduces a command or an exhortation: 

Proinde te para, Hence, prepare yourself ! 
Proinde quiescant, Let them, therefore, be quiet ! 

Note: a. Ergo, igitur, itaque, proinde are not joined to any 
other coordinate conjunction: 

Itaque = /* therefore 

4 \ 2 and therefore 

b. Ergo and igitur often resume an interrupted thought : 

Dico igitur providentia deorum mundum administrari: I 
affirm, then, that the universe is governed by the providence of 
the gods. 



COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 127 

Note: "Therefore" may also be expressed by 
adverbial phrases or adverbs: 

Usually at the beginning At any place 

Ob earn rem (causam) Quam of rem Ideo (quod, ut) 

hanc ob rem (causam) quocirca. idcirco (quod, ut) 

ea de re (causa) quapropter propterea(quod, ut) 

Note: Ob earn rem etc. refer to something preceding or fol- 
lowing (128), 

cxuam ob rem etc. to something preceding, 
ideo etc. to something following. 

250. Combinations of Conjunctions 

(both - and 
et - et \ 

(- as well as 

neque - neque \ neither _ nor 

nee - nee J 

neque aut-aut | and neither - nor 

et neque - neque J 

nemo \neque - neque no one neither - nor 

J aut - aut 

| on the one hand not 
neque — et ^ and oq fche other hjmd 



et — neque 



i on the one hand — and 
\ on the other hand not 

cum - turn both— and especially 

turn - turn | now - now 

modo - modo j sometimes - sometimes 

non solum \ sed etiam not on , _ feut aJso 
non modo | or verum etiam 

non modo | sed I won't sav , but 

or non dicam ( 

Note . non modo or \ sed ng _ quidem 

non modo non J n 

= not only not, but not even , when both members have the 

same predicate : Non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra, lectum 
quidem videbatur. 

aut - aut (246) either - or 

vel - vel (sive - sive) either - or 



128 



SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 



251. CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE INDICATIVE. 



3 

a 

WW 






ut, ubi, simulatque ^ SOOfl ag 

(when den. a single action of the past.) J 

postquam (Single action) 

antequam, priusquam | 

( Denoting time only) ( 

dum, donee, quoad ^ 
(denoting time only ) j 

dum, donee, quoad 
= quam diu (adv. ): den. time only 



after 
before 

until 



as long as 



cum (denoting time only) : when 

dum (d. present or past actions ) while 



^Perfect 

-Pres., Pf., 2d. F. 

>A11 tenses 
Present 



etiamslj etsi, tamets! 
qtiamquam 



I althougrh 



ut, sicu t 

quam 



as 
than 



Si mentiris peccas 

(Si mentitus es, peccavisti; 

si mentieris, peccabis) 

Si non ( negativing a word \ .- t 

Nisi (negativing the whole condition) J 



If you lie, ( whether you do so 
or not, ) you sin 



quod (denoting actual cause ) 

quoniam, si quidem, quandoquidem ) 
(denoting actual cause known to all) J 



because (often - quia) 



since indeed 



SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. 



129 



CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Denoting purpose. 



Ut 

ne 

quo (Before comparatives) 

quominus ( After impedire ) 



(in order that, (in order) to 
( in order) that not, not to, lest 

that the = ut eo 

(hinder) from, that not = ut eo 



tit 

ut non 

quln 



| Denoting result ^H^l 

J (so) that not 

)Only after a leading clause (so) that*not = ut non 

/with negative meaning who not, that not - qui non 

quae non 



antequam, priusquam 

(Denoting time and purpose) 

dum, donee, quoad 
(Denoting time and purpose) 



cum (narrativum) 
( Den. time and circumstances) 



before: Pres., Impf., Plupf. 



until : Pres., Impf. 



when - Impf., Plupf. 



cum (concessivum et 

adversativum) 
etiamsi quamvis 

licet 

ut, 

ut non, ne 



although, whereas, while 

even if, although 
although: Pres., Perf. 
granted that 
granted that not, even if not 



quasi, tamquam, ac si, ut si \ flg . fj . gt ag if /Tenses ace. to 
velut si, tamquam si, proinde quasi] " ' (Sequence of tenses 



Si mentiaris, pecces If you should lie, (let me suppose you 

(Si mentitus sis, peccaveris) you would sin; [will) 

Si mentireris, peccares If you lied (but you will not) , 

(ST mentitus esses, peccavisses) you would sin; 

dum modo, dum, modo provided, if only 

dum modo ne, dum ne, modo ne if only not, provided only not 



since 



cum (denoting cause) 

quod, quoniam, ( denoting thecause | because> since indeed, 
not as the author's, but another's J 
opinion) 



130 



INTERJECTIONS, FORMATION OF WORDS 



252. 



INTERIECTIONES : INTERJECTIONS 

: io ! euoe! o! hurra! huzza! o! 

: heu! eheu! pro! vae! alas! ah me! woe! 



Joy 
Sorro w 

Astonishment : en ! ecce ! pro ! hem ! 
Disgust 
Praise 
Calling 



: pro ! apage ! 
: eia! euge! 
: hens ! ohe ! o ! 



ne 



?! 



lo! behold! o! hem! 

he! begone! 

bra vo ! well done ! 

hey! ho! 

truly ! 



Asseveration 



253. 



J me dius fidius(i. e . iuvet ! ) by the God of truth ! 
1 (me) hercule ! in truth ! by Hercules ! 

(edepol ! ecastor ! by Pollux! by Castor ! 



FORMATION OF WORDS 

New words are formed by 

Derivation, (adding of suffixes to the stems of words) 

and Composition, (linking one word or its stem to another) ; 

Hence there are : 

Prlmitiva, Primitives and Derivativa, Derivatives 
Simplicia, Simple words and Composita, Compounds 



254. 



I. DERIVATIVES 
Substantives derived from Verbs 



tor, tnx (fem.)\ 


the agent 


victor, victrix 


conqueror 


sor J 


defensor 


defender 


1 


actvity 


clamor 


shout 


condition 


dolor 


pain 


tio 


action 


motio 


a moving 


sio 


as 


obsessio 


blockade 


us (gen. us) 


in process 


motus 


a moving 


men 




nomen 


name 


mentum 




ornamentum 


ornament 


bulum 


means 


vocabulum 


vocable 


culum 


or 


gubernac ulum 


helm 


ulum 


instrument 


iaculum 


javelin 


crum 




sepulcrum 


grave 


trum 




aratrum 


plough 



255 



FORMATION OF WORDS 131 

Substantives derived froni Substantives 



cuius, a, um 



ulus, 
olus, 
ellus, 
illus, 



a, 

a, 
a, 
a, 



um 
um 
um 
um) 



ides ) 

ides J-inasc. 

ades j 

eis | 

is [ fern. 

ias J 



(flosculus 
Deminiitiva I particula 
Deminutives (opusculum 

(usually following puerulus 
the gender of the flliolus 
primitive) ocellus 

lapillus 



Patronymica 

Greek noun 

of descent 

or relationship 



floweret 

particle 

little work 

little boy 

little son 

little eye 

little stone, pebble 

Son of Priam 
Son of Atreus 
Son of Aeneas 
Daughter of Nereus 
Da ugh ter of A tlas 



Priamides 

Atrides 

Aeneades 

Nereis 

Atlantis 

Thaumantias Daughter ofThaumas 



an u 111 
etum 

Tie 



ina 

ktus 
256. 



aerarium treasury 

] Place where things seminarium seminary 

) (plants, animals...) quercetum oak grove 

J are kept ovile sheep fold 



(medicina 

\ 

(piscina 

consul a tus consulate 



art of healing 

workshop 
fishpond 



Art or (its) place J officlna 

Office 

Substantives derived from Adjectives 



tas 
tudo 
ia 
itia 

257. 
bundus 



cundus 

ax 

ulus 



Quality 



pie tas piety 

fo r ti t ud 6 bra very 

audacia boldness 

amlcitia friendship 



Adjectives derived from Verbs 

| Meaning of present moribundus dying 
\ participle increased furibundus raging 



[Inclination 

j 



Tracundus wrathful 

mendax given to lying 

credulus credulous 



132 



FORMATION OF WORDS 



idus 

ilis 
bilis 



Quality calidus 

\ Capacity (with docilis 
/passive meaning) mobilis 



warm 



docile 
movable 



258. Adjectives derived from Common Nouns 



eus 

ius 

icius 

icus 

alis 

elis 

His 

aris 

ensis 

ester 

anus 

inus 

nus 

1YUS 

timus 

osus 
lentus 

tus 



Material 



Belonging to 



aureus golden 

patrius(amor) fatherly 

patricius patrician 
bellicus warlike 

regalis regal 

crudelis cruel 

puerilis boyish 

popularis popular 

castrensis camp- 

campester field - 

urbanus city - 

divinus divine 
paternus ( ager) fatherly 

aestivus summer 



J Fulness 



maritimus 

artificiosus 
vinolentus 



Supplied with (barbatus 
^ \auntus 



sea- 

artistic 

drunk with wine 

bearded 
having ears 



259. Adjectives derived from Proper Nouns 



anus 
inus 
eus (ius) 
icus 

icus 
ius 

anus 

inus 

as 

ius 

aeus 

ensis 



Names of Persons 



Names of Nations 



Names of Places 



Sullanus 
Verrinus 
Epicureus 
Homericus 

Germanicus 
Thracius 

Thebanus 

Amermus 

Arpinas 

Corinthius 

Smyrnaeus 

Cannensis 



of Sulla 
of Verres 
Epicurean 
Homeric 

German 
Thracian 

Theban 
of Ameria 
of Arpinum 
Corinthian 
of Smyrna 
of Cannae 



260. 

lus 

261. 

emus 
tenuis 
tinus 
tinus 

2G2. 

scere 



FORMATION OF WORDS 
Adjectives derived from Adjectives 

Deminiitiva 



133 



/misellus 
Iparvulus 



wretched 
little 



Adjectives derived from Adverbs 



l 

V Relating to 



I 



hodiernus 
hesternus 
crastinus 
intestinus 



of to-day 
of yesterday 
of to-morrow 
internal 



Verbs derived from Verbs 



Incohatlva : 



obdor ml scere fall asleep 



are ) Frequentativa. and cantare 

itare [intenslva: repeti- cantitare 

sare ftion or intensity; cursare 

sitare Jusu. from pf. part. cursitare 

urire Desiderativa : esurire 



smg 

sing repeatedly 
frun hither 
\ and thither 

desire to eat 



263. 



Verbs derived from Nouns 



are Usu. transitive {vulnerare wound 

(exsulare (intr.) live m exile 

ere Only intransitive: florere (intr.) bloom 

Ire (Trans, and intrans. (^ejire (intr.) rage 
ere \ \metuere tear 



264. 



Adverbs derived from Verbs 



certatim emulously cursim speedily 

separatim separately praesertim especially 

statim instantly raptim hurriedly 

caesim by cuts sensim gradually 



265. 



Adverbs derived from Nouns 



of old 



nominatim expressly; by antiquitus 

name 
gradatim step by step funditus utterly 

viritirn man by man radicitus radically 

furtim by stealth penitus thoroughly 



134 FORMATION OF WORDS 

II. COMPOUND WORDS 

266. Compound Substantives 

Two nouns, the second 1 naufragrium shipwreck 

one with the form of a i tubicen trumpeter 

verbal stem J signifer standard - bearer 

Two nouns : triennium space of three years 



Preposition and Noun ) dedecus 
r J interrex 



disgrace 
interrex 



Note: Res publica, republic, state \ 

ius iurandum, oath >are no compounds 

senatus consultum, decree of the senate J 

267. Compound Adjectives 

Two nouns, second one \mortifer death-dealing 

with verbal stem /particeps sharing 

Two nouns magnanimus great-souled 

Preposition and Noun, amens senseless 

or other particle and N.: demens foolish 



1. a, de, dis, ex, in, 


socors 


dull 


nee, se, so, ve 


vecors 


without understanding 


denoting "not 


indignus 


unworthy 


2, sub = somewhat 


/ subobscurus 
[subnubilus 


rather obscure 
rather cloudy 


3. per, prae = very 


/permagnus 
\ praeclarus 


very great 
very famous 


Adverb and Verb : 


benevolus 


benevolent 



268. Compound Verbs 

Substantive and Verb : aedificare build 

Adjective and Verb : amplificare enlarge 

Verb and Verb : calefacere make warm 

Adverb and Verb : maledicere speak ill of 



FORMATION OF WORDS 



135 



Preposition and Verb : fabdere _ put away, hide 



i, ab, abs, as = awav 



6, ob, obs, os 



com, con, co 



de 



/ against 
\to wards 

( tog-ether 
\ strongly 

(down 



[asportare carry away 

fobrepere approach towards 
{ offerre offer 
[ostendere show 

Jconferre carry together 

\ cognoscere/ea rn to know thoro'ly 

/deicere throw down 



\completely \devincere conquer completely 



Inseparable Particle 
and Verb: 



amb, am 



= around 



famblre go around 
) amburere burn around 
) amplecti embrace 
(amputare cut around, cut off 



au 



dis, di, 



se 



dir 



- away { aufugere Bee away 

f apart jdirimere part 

\ asunder \ dissolvere dissolve 

= apart { secernere distinguish 



Note: Phonetic changes occuring in the composition 
of words appear especially in the composition of verbs ; e. g.: 
Assimilation of consonants : aggredi from adgredi 
Elision of consonants: tradere from transdere 

Contraction of vowels : cogere from coagere 

fconcludere from conclaudere 
• ' concidere 



Weakening of vowels 



'I 



comcere 



from concaedere 
from coniacere 



269. 



COMPOUND ADVERBS 



comminus - con raanus 

forsitan = fors sit an 

hodie - hoc die 

Tlico - in loco 

interea - inter ea, 

nudiustertius = nunc dies tertius 

profecto = pro facto 

scilicet = sci(re) licet 

Note: The meaning of place denoted by loco and ea (163) 
is changed into a meaning of time in Ilico and interea. 



in close contest 

perhaps 

to-day 

instantly 

meanwhile 

the day before yesterday 

actually, by all means 

evidently, of course 



136 



APPENDIX 



270. 



Appendix 



1. Corresponding transitive and intransitive verbs 



Transitive Intransitive 


Transitive 


Intrans iti ve 


excitare 


expergisci 


caedere 


cadere 


fugare 


fugere 


occidere 


occidere 


augere 


accrescere 


calefacere 


calere 


minuere 


decrescere 


obstupefacere 


stupere 


accendere 


ardere 


patefacere 


patere 


comburere 


c6nfla.gra.re 


assuefacere 


/assuevisse 


iacere 


iacere 




\(assuescere) 


cogere 


convemre 


constituere 


(stare 


suspendere 


pendere 




\(consistere) 


2. 


English and Latin 


words of similar sound 


convince 


persuadere 


convincere, 


convict 


digest, 


concoquere 


dlgerere, 


arrange 


discuss, 


disputare 


discutere, 


dispel 


suspect, 


suspicare 


suspicere, 


look up to 




3. Latin 


Reflexives 




se conferre, 


go 


se mergere, 


dive 


se efFerre, 


become haughty 


se recipere, 


retreat 


se Tungere, 


join 


se subducere, 


withdraw 




4. Similar 


Latin forms 




edere 


edere 


fissus 


fisus 


possidere 


possidere 


cepi 


coepT 


condimus 


condimtis 


abscidi 


abscidi 


vincimus 


vincimus 


rettulit 


retulit 


prodimus 


prodimus 


victurus 


victurus 


addimus 


adimus 


paritiirus 


paritiirus 


reddimus 


redimus 


quaereris 


quereris 


venimus 


venimus 


educo 


educo 


venimus 


veniiraus 


appello, sero 


appello, sero 


operttis 


oppertus 


fundo, mando 


fundo, mando 


oblitus 


oblitus 


consterno 


consterno 



137 

Principal Rules of Syntax 

(A Complete Grammar will be issued in a separate volume.) 

271. AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE 

1. With one subject 

The predicate agrees with its subject 

a. In number /Non is sum qui terrear 
and person \non ii estis qui terreamini 

b. In gender fUsus (tetnpus) est magister 
and case, J y it: ^f st fagistra 

Cf 'h] \ I Invidia glonae assidua comes est 

(it possible) (^Athenae doctrinarum inventrices sunt 

272. With two or more subjects 

a. If all the subjects (asyndeton or joined, by et, - que or 
atque) are living beings and precede their predicate, it 
usually agrees with all subjects conjointly : 

It is plural in number : Pater et frater mortuT sunt. 
prefers the 1st person : Ego et pater tuus (tu) valemus 
the 2d person : Tu et mater tua valetis 

prefers the m. gender : (5?Ato et soror mortuae sunt. 

\ Pater et mater mortui sunt. 

b. In all other cases the predicate usually agrees with the 
nearest subject: 

Et tu et ill! sciunt. 
M or tua est mater et pater. 
Pater mortuus est et mater. 
Impedimenta et equitatus secutus est. 
Ignis et aer facillime pellitur. 
But also : Aer, ignis, aqua, terra ei parent. 

273. Agreement of substantive and adjective 

modifiers of subject or object added to the predicate. 

Personal substantitives denoting age or office, and 
adjectives (participles) expressing state or order agree 
when used predicatively, in gender, number and case, with 
their nouns : 

a. Cicero id puer, senex, consul.... fecit 

.... when a boy, in his old age, as a consul.... 

b. Te vivum comburere conati sunt, 
They tried to burn you alive. 



138 ACCUSATIVE 

Similarly : 

praesens absens in my, your f his presence 

laetus tristis with joy, sorrowfully 

a. versus ad vers us from behind, in front 

rari confertl scattered, in compact order 

primus, postremus venit {the first. ..to come, who came 
Of two: prior, posterior venit jhe came first, last 
vinus = solus venit he was the only one who came 

patriae se totos dederunt they gave thems. entirely 

Distinguish primos vos from primus vos docuT (Cf. 115) 

Azotes : 

274. a. Ut puer bene dicis for a boy... (restriction) 
Ut puer id facere nequis as a boy... (cause) 

Ut puer loqueris \ Hke a fe (comparison) 

Quasi, tamquam puer l.j J r 

b. The following expressions may be used instead of predi- 

catives : 
Hostium loco, nomine, munero, pro hostibus : as enemies 

c. Distinguish the attributive and predicative uses of 

suminus, medius, infimus, prinius and extremus: 

\the highest mountain (when attribute) 
summus mons^ the top f tne mountain (when predicative) 

per mediam urbem (position !) through the middle of the city 
prima, media, extrema. hieme at the beginning of winter 

275. Agreement of Attributes with their Substantives 

1. Attributive Adjecti ves (31); 2. Appositives. 

1. AgrT omnes et maria; 

or: omnes agri et maria omnia. 

2. Urbem Syracusas ceperunt. 

276. Position of Attributes 

1. Adjective attributes stand oftener before than after their 

nouns : 

magna urbs Marathonia pugna 

2. Substantive attributes (appositives) are usually placed 

after : 

Hannibal vir fortissimus Cicero consul 

Kxceptions: Imperator, emperor: Imperator Titus 

urbs, (rex, flumen) urbs Roma 



AGREEMENT 139 

3. Praising" and blaming attributes, except surnames, are 

added by means ofille or of appellatives: 

Opulentissima ilia Corinthus \ • n Corinth 
Corinthus, urbs opulentissima / 

fortissimus ille Hannibal (the) brave Hannibal 

But: Alexander Magnus Alexander the Great 

4. Attributes with prepositions are, in general, replaced 

by genitives or adjectives; when used, they are common- 
ly added by connectives. 
a. transitus Alpium march across the Alps 

bellum Germanorum war ag"ainst(w. ) the Germans 
bellum Gallicum war with Gaul 

b. pugna ad Marathonem facta (connective a participle) 
nobilis ilia ad Cannas pugna (connective another attrib.) 
insula, quae est contra Massiliam (connective a relative.) 

c. cum dignitate otium honorable leisure 
homo sine honore a man without honor 
signa ex aere statues of brass 
liber de ducibus book about generals 
reditus in patriam return to one's native place 

5. Appostives to possessive pronouns are put in the 

genitive and inserted : 

tuum discipuli officium your duty as a pupil 
tuum ipsius officium your own duty 

277. AGREEMENT OF PRONOUNS 

Determinatives, (demonstratives) and relatives 
agree with their antecedents in gender and number; their 
case depends upon their relation in the clauses to which they 
belong : 

a. Magna vis est in virtutibus; eas excita, si dormiunt. 
Virtutes quarum vis est magna excitandae sunt. 
Flumen quod vocamus Rhenum altissimum est. 

b. Peto ut eum diligas; erit id mihi gratum. 
Sapientius secundam quam adversam fortunam tulit 

(id) quod difficilius putatur. 

278. However, determinatives, interrogatives and relatives 
(as subjects or accusative objects) always agree with the 
predicate appellative to which they refer : 



140 AGREEMENT, NOMINATIVE 

Is est honor That is honor 

Eum dico honorem That I call honor 

Quern dicimus honorem, si iste non est ? 
Belgae quam tertiam esse partem Galliae dixeramus,... 
N., qui est vicus, quae est urbs, quod est oppidum 
But: Quid (predicate) est honor? 

What is (the definition) of honor? 
Note: Relatives and determinatives sometimes agree with the 
appositives of their antecedents : 

Flumen Rhenus, qui or quod. : 

eum or id transierunt. 

279. Const ructio ad sen sum: 

Seliatus populusque Romanus (i. e. res publ. R.) decrevit. 

Pars, multitudo, milia (i. e. multi) caesi sunt. 

Rex et classis (i. e. classiarii) profecti sunt. 

Aer et ignis et aqua et terra prima (i. e. initia) sunt. 

Libera ci vitas et rex (i. e. haec) inimica inter se sunt. 
Note: Predicates usually agree with appositives of city 
(and river) names, and with predicate substantives , 
when nearer to them than to the subject: 

Corinthus, totius Graeciae lumen, exs tine turn est. 

Non omnis error stultitia dicenda est; 
or: non omnis error dicendus est stultitia. 

280. THE NOMINATIVE 

1. Every subject expressed by a noun (9) is put in the 
nominative : Deus est, God exists 

Notes: a. In every verbum fimtum (169) the subject is ex- 
pressed by the personal ending (176): 

Caesar ven-i Veni-to Yenia-t 

I, Caesar, came You shall come He shall come 
b. The indefinite subject u they, people, one etc." is ren- 
dered by the passive, the 3d and 1st pi. and quis : 

Laudor, laudaris People praise me. 

itur, itum est thery go, went 

dicunt, tradunt, ferunt it is said, related 

si quis die at, dicit if one should say 

Also: dicas (dixeris) everyone would say 

diceres, putares one would have said.... 






NOMINATIVE, ACCUSATIVE 141 

2. Every predicate noun takes the nominative: 

Sura, flo, maneo | /am, become, remain, 

videor, beatus / seem happy 

Appellor, habeor \ I am called, regarded 

putor iustus / as, considered as just 

Note: The predicate noun is also called the subjectiv e 
complement. 

281. Esse, when used as a complete or independent verb, 
means exist, feel, be, and may be modified by adverbs : 

Fuit (he lived) ante Romam conditam 

Sic est = sic se res habet, so it is 

Mihi melius est (feel) Praesto es, be at hand 

282. THE ACCUSATIVE 

Transitive verbs (so called, beeause their action usually 
passes over — transit — from the subject to an object) have an 
object accusative which becomes subject nominative in the 
passive (205, Note): 

Active : Domum incendit 
Passive: Domus ab eo incensa.es t 

283. OBJECT ACCUSATIVE 

1. Adiuvo, effugio te I help you, escape you 
imitor, sequor te I imitate, follow you 
adeo te supplex I approach you humbly 

adeo terrain, periculum I visit , undergo 

convenio te I visit, meet you 

vox, vires me deficiunt my voice, my strength gives out 

2. Verbs compounded with circum, praeter, trans : 
castra circumlre march around, surround 

3. Verbs denoting (painful) Emotion: 

dolere, maerere rem, re grieve at, mourn over 

lugere, lamentari rem,de.. bewail, weep over 

queri, horrere rem, de... complain of, shudder at 

desperare rei, rem, de... despair of 

also rldere, mlrari rem laugh at, wonder at 

But: gaudere, laetari re he glad of, rejoice in 

exsultare, gloriari re exult over, glory in 



142 



ACCUSATIVE 



4. Neuter pronouns and (numeral) adjectives as objects 



a. Multum possum, valeo 
illud (de ea re) dubito 
hoc (hac re) gaudeo 
id unum, nihil aliud | s tudeo 
(null! alii rei) J 

h. cetera tibi assentior 

utrumque vobis persuadeo 



/ ha ve great power, influence 
I doubt about that 
I am glad of this 

this is my only aim 

I agree with you on the other pts. 
I convince you of both 



servitutem servire 
doctrmam redolere 



5. Cognate accusative 

serve as a slave 
savor of the school 

Attributive and adverbial accusative 



a. Id aetatis (ea aetate) filius 

b. Id temporis (eo tempore) venit 
multum esse in 

magnam partem 
nihil, summum 



a son of that age 
he came at that time 
be much engaged in 
to a great extent 
not at all, at most 



7. Paenitet... (pg. 104), decet..., iuvat...(pg. 105) 

TWO ACCUSATIVES 

284«. Object and Predicate Accusative 

Taken by verbs of 
a : showing oneself, or proving as, b : having- etc. as 
c: regarding as, d: calling, e: making 



Active 

a. Virum, fortem te praesta 
ignavum. fortem se praebuit 
fortiter, ignave se gessit 

b. Habeo te amicum 

I have a friend in you 

do, accipio vos obsides 

c. Habeo te pro amico 
(in) amici loco... (274, b) 

Caesarem bonum ducem 
puto, duco, existimo 

d. Te patrem appello, voco 



P a s s i v e 

) no passive 

> praestare requires a praising 

j attribute, se gerere, an ad verl) 



i 



no passive: see c. 
HberT dat! sunt obsides 



\ haberis a me amicus 
/ pro amico, in amicis 

Caesar bonus dux 

putatur, existimatur 

pater appellaris, vocaris.... 



ACCUSATIVE 143 

e. Te consulem facimus consul fis 

Avaritia vitam miseram avaritia vita misera 
reddit fit (Redditur = given back) 

Numam regem deligunt, creant Numa rex creatus est 

285. TWO OBJECT ACCUSATIVES 

1. Verbs compounded with trans denoting transport (tradu- 

cere, traicere, transportare) may have a double ac- 
cusative : 

Active Passive 

Exercitum Axonam traduxit exercitus Axonam traductus est 

2. Te artem doceo (teach) f «*"? a ™5 d * sces 

(arte a me erudins 

But 

Te de re J cer ti6rem facio ^- r g /certior fis a me 

\or doceo (inform) ^ \doceris a me 

3. Te rem or de re celo \ de clade celaris, the defeat 

(keep in ignorance about) / is concealed from you 

4. Te rem (re) - posco, flagitS \ ax a tg poscitur 

a te rem p., f., demand j 

5. Only with a neuter pronoun or num. adj. as 2d accus.: 
Id nos cogit natura — 

Haec te (ad) - moneo de his rebus admoneris 

Id te oro (inter)- rogo, ask illud rogor 

6 Te sententiam rogo \ Ince sen tentiam rogaris 

(I ask your official vote) j ^ r o 

But 

(Inter) rogo te de re \ (inter) rogaris de...., quid.... 

Quaero a (ex, de) te, quid.... fyour private opinion... 

286. ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE 

The accusativus cum Tnfinitivo may be used either as sub- 
ject or as object: 

Deum esse constat Rex iubet te abire 



Subject of constat Object of iubet 

It is certain that God exists The king wants you to go 

Note: These accusatives (as Deum and te)are considered 
as subjects, because, translated into English, they can be made 
subjects of clauses. 



144 ACCUSATIVE 

287. A. c. i. as Subject 

(Used with impersonal expressions) 
Par, aeqtmm, iustum est it is right, fair ; just 
facile, veri simile est it is easy, probable 

apparet, expedit, decet it is clear, useful, becoming 

fas est, spes est it is lawful, there is hope 

Note: Necesse est and oportet also take the subjt. without ut: 
Oportet te fateri - Oportet fatearis 

288. A. c. T. as Object 

1. With verbs of perceiving- and saying (sentiendi et 
dicendi), e. g.: 

a. Sentio, video, audio; cognosco, reperio, disco, nuntium 
accipio ; scio, ignoro ; credo, puto, (not after dubito), me- 
mini = memoria teneo, spero.... 

b. Dico, affirm 6, nego (say that ...not); respondeo (tibi), 
scribo (ad te), nuntio = nuntium affero, certiorem facio 
(inform); fateor, simulo (pretend), dissimulo (disguise); 
iuro, minor, polliceor...., 

in order to 
express a statement, e, g. : 
Scio Marcum scripsisse I know that Mark wrote 

But: 
a. Dependent clauses with who, which, when, where, why 
etc. , expressing aquestion require the subjunctive: 
Scio, quis scripserit, I know who wrote 

b. Clauses of purpose dependent on verba s. et d. require 
the subjunctive with or without ut : 
Dixit, (ut) abirent he said they should go; 

dixit ne abirent he said they should not go. 

2. With iubeo, veto, sino, patior; 

Eos pontem facere iubet he orders them to make a 

bridge 

Pontem fieri iubet I he orders to make a bridge 

\i. e. that a bridge be made 

3. With verbs of Emotion (verba affectunm): 
Indignor, queror am indignant, complain 
aequo animo fero bear calmly 

iniquo animo fero take amiss 

aegre, graviter fero am annoyed, displeased 

Note: Also: indignor, gaudeo etc., quod hoc fecistl. 



AOCUSATIVUS CUM INFINITIVO 145 

4. With void, nolo, malo, cupio, 

a. when the two verbs have different subjects : 

volo eum hoc facere I want him to do it 
volo hoc facere I want to do it (myself) 

hoc factum volo \ j want thjs done 

= hoc fieri volo J 

b. sometimes, when both verbs have the same subject, 

esp. with esse \ me clementem esse cupio 

or aninfin. passive/ se amaii quam timer! mavult. 

Also: Volo, malo ut. .....; velimmihi dicas, phase tell me. 

5.. Assuefacio te parere I accustom you to obey 

cogo, prohibeo te Tre I compel, prevent 

arguo, insimulo I accuse 

arguo te hoc fecisse 
But accuso te, quod hoc feceris 

289. Remarks: 

Meaning of the Infinitive according to 171, Note: 
a. Audio te dlcere I hear (that) you say 

Audiebam te dicere I heard you say(= that you said) 

Note: With meminl (= memoria teneo) the pres. inf. denotes 

also previous action: 

meminl te dicere I remember that you said 

b. scio te dlxisse I know that you said 
scivi te dlxisse I knew you had said 

c. scio te dicturum esse I know you will (are going 

to) say 
scivi te dicturum esse I knew you would (were g. 

to) say 
Note: Instead of the future infinitive fore ut or futurum 
esse ut (with the pres. and imperf. subj.) may be used; it 
must be used with verbs that have no participial stem : 
Scio te laudatum in = scio fore ut lauderis 
scivi te laudatum in = scivi fore ut laudareris 
But only : spero fore ut discas 

290. Spero, iuro, minor, polliceor, confldo 

Iubeo, veto 

A future action must be expressed by a future infinitive 
(posse and velle denote the future); iubeo and veto, however, 
always take the present infinitive : 



146 ACCUSATIVUS CUM INFINITIVO 

Spero earn suspicionem falsam esse, I hope * / wish 
Spero me tibi causam probavisse, I hope = I think 
Spero me hoc adepturum esse, I hope 

Dicit se posse, velle alteram porticum aedificare 

Iubeo veto eos dis?edere, adduci 

291. To avoid ambiguity, the infinitive passive is 
is often used : 

" Dico te eos vincere posse " is ambiguous 
Dico eos a te vine! posse excludes doubt 

292. The subject accusative is commonly not omitted; 
impersonal verbs cannot express it. 

Iuras te id facturum esse you swear to do it 

iurat se (refl. !) id f rum he swears to do it 

video pluere I see it rain 

293. AGREEMENT 

Nouns predicated of or compared with the subject 
accusative must agree with it, when the verb is the same : 

Constat me prius hue venisse quam te, or : quam tu venisti 
ait me idem facere quod ilium, or : quod ille faciat 

294. TRANSLATION OF THE A. c. i. 

1. Audio eura loqui I hear him speak 
Hannibalem ad Cannas We know (that) Hannibal 

vicisse accepimus was victorious at Cannae 

Deum esse constat God's existence is certain 

dicit se scire he affirms to know 

2. Nego me id fecisse / affirm I did not do it 
nolo, veto id fieri /desire, command that.... 
non puto {position !) I think that... not... [not... 
apparet eum vicisse he has evidently conquered 

295. A. (c. i) IN EXCLAMATION 

of surprise, indignation, regret... 

Me miserum ! wretched me ! 

te (or tene) hoc dlcere ! \ You to this , 

= tu (or tune) ut hoc dicas! J ,, 



NOM. CUM INFIN., GENITIVE 147 

296. NOMINATIVUS CUM INFINITIVO 

Those verbs which take the A. c. 1 in the active, usually re- 
quire the N. c. 1. in the passive, especially: 



(I am seen doing this 
1 1 



1. Yideor hoc facere { /seem to do this 

[it appears as though... 

videtur sibi beatus (esse) he believes himself happy 

videmur (nobis) hoc we Batter ourselves with 

bene fecisse having done this well 

2. Fertur, traditur, feruntur, traduntur (3d pers.): 

Poeta caecus fuisse traditur. 
Traditum est poetam caecum fuisse. 

3. Iubeor, vetor, sinor; putor, existimor, dicor: 

IussT sunt, vetiti sunt abire 

Note: The A. c. T is used with : 

Mihi dicitur, vere, recte, non sine causa dicitur; 
dicendum est, dictum est, did potest; traditum est; 
Dlceris deceptus esse. 
But: Recte dicitur te deceptum esse. 

297. THE GENITIVE 

1 \mor T3atris^ ore °^ ° /2es father : pater amat : subject 
" \ love for one' s father : patr em amat : object 

2. Horum virtus minor est quam maiorum than that of. 

3. Mel, tuT, similis similar to me, to you 
patris simillimus the very picture of his father 
patri similis similar to his father 

4. Nomen carendi the word " to want" 
eius causa (gratia) for his sake 

mea, sua causa for my, his (refl.) sake 

5. Satis, parum laboris enough, too little exertion 

id laboris = is labor this degree of exertion 

multum damn! \ much harm 

magnum damnum J 

aliquid novi or novum something new 

nihil utile, quid aliud ? nothing useful, what else? 



habeor, fio, am 

esteemed 
sum, am worth 



148 GENITIVE 

6. Domus est mea, tua, eius the house belongs to me.... 
donius fit mea, tua, eius ...becomes my ...property 
amicus meus a friend of mine 

7. Meum, tuum, eius est it is my, your, his duty 
stulti est, stultum est it is the sign of stupidity 

But only: prudentis est (3d d.) it is a mark of prudence 
Res multae operae est It requires hard work 

8. Te capitis accuso, arguo on a capital charge 

pecunia, agris...multo I £ne, mulct... 

capitis (capite) damno I condemn to death 

capitis absolutus pecunia multatus est 

9. Puto, duco, aestimo, 1 magni, pluris, plurimi, 
facio, esteem; parvi, minoris, minimi, 

tanti, quanti, 

but 
pro nihil 6 : 
magni te aestimo I esteem you {highly) 

10. Aestimo, estimate, 1 take tanti, quanti, 
(con) sto, emo, vendo, > pluris and minoris; 
cost, buy and sell J for the rest the ablative: 

morte multorum constat victoria 
magno emere = male einere 
Id gratis (=gratiis) stat It costs nothing (the thanks) 

11. Interest and refer t, it is for the interest of: 

a. Mea, tua, nostra, vestra, eius, eorum etc. interest; 
mea, tua, nostra, vestra, (no genitive!) refert; 

b. Dicit, dicunt sua (reflexive !) interesse, referre; 
dicit amico eius (non-refl. !) interesse, — 

Note: That which is for one's interest is expressed by a 
neuter pronoun, an (a. c.) I, or an indirect question. 

The degree of interest is denoted by the genitives 
magni, permagm, parvi, tanti, quanti; 

by adverbs, as magno opere and minimo; 
by accusatives of neuter pron. and adj., as multum and 
nihil. 

Omnium nostrum interest recte facere (Same subject) 
Permagni nostra refert te dicere (Different subject) 

Quid refert ? What does it matter? 
Nihil refert ? ' Tis all the same. 






GENITIVE, DATIVE 149 

12. Remind, remember, forget 

Admoneo, commoneo te de re, rei, id 1,.^. -, ,. x 
But commonefacio te rei, id j remina t tr -J 

Memim, reminiscor tui, rem, rei, id] remember (i } 

But recordor de te, rem, rei, id/ v ' 

Obliviscor tui, rem, rei, id = forget (i.) 

Note: MeminI eum, 1 remember him yet (I knew him) 
Memim eius, I remember (think of) him now 
Tui mihi in mentem venit = Tui memim 
Multa (num.) mihi in mentem veniunt 

298. THE DATIVE 

1. Non tibi soli natus es ...for yourself alone 
tibi bellum facio, infer 6 I begin war against you 

res mihi utilis, id6nea, \... useful to me for... 
apta, necessana est ad hoc/ 

Quid sibi hoc vult ? What is the meaning of this? 

Quid tibi vis, insane ? What do you aim at, madman? 

2. Medeor, persuadeo ; heal, convince (persuade) 
nub5(pg. 91), parco, studeo, marry, spare, take pains 
male dico, supplied, speak ill of, beg humbly 
obtrecto and in video work against, envy 

Tibi, el invidetur you, he is envied 

eius gloriae invidetur they envy (him) his glory 

mihi persuasi \ j am convinced 

mini persuasum est / 

sibi persuasit \ he js convinced 

ei persuasim est J 

tibi persuade be convinced 

his persuader! non potest they cannot be persuaded 

3. Adsum opem fero 1 

auxilior, succurro etc. tibi > I help you 

But iuvo, adiuvo te J 

Hoc tibi aufero, adimo, \ j take tMs away f rom you 

enpio, detrano etc. j 

Tibi dicto audiens sum / obey you promptly 



L50 



DATIVE 



4. Is tibi succedit 

f inibus a p p ro p i n q u a m u s 
jmperant omnibus gen tibus 
praeficio te exercitui 
tuis rebus timeo 
tibi timeo, provided 
mihi crede (Position!) 
vim tibi affer6,mfer6 
sibi manus attulit, intulit 

5. Don 6 {tibipecuniam 

(te pecuma 

Circumdo /«rbi mflrum 

[tirbem muro 

6. Est mihi liber \ 
habeo librum f 

eius est liber, meus est 

But in patre prudentia est \ 
pater summa p' a est / 

Mihi Caesar nomen est \ 
mihi Caesari nomen est \ 



He is your successor 

we draw near the boundary 

they rule over all nations 

I place you in command of... 

I fear for your interests 

I fear for, take care of you 

trust me 

I offer violence to you 

he laid hands on himself 

I give you money 

I present you with money 

I put a wall around the city 

I surround the city with... 

I have a book 

he owns, I own a book 

the father has great prudence 
(Qualities require in.) 

my name is Caesar 
( = Caesar appellor) 



7. Dative of Abstract Substantives 
a) with esse and dare, expressing effect, 
(often accompanied by a second dative answering the question " For whom?") 



Navis magno usui erat 
id magno argumento est 
id mihi praesidio est 

tua saltis mihi curae est 



cm bono ? 

Id tibi laudl, vitio do 
id tibi crlminl do, vert 6 
id tibi ignaviae do, diico 

b) with mittere, relinquere, venire, expressing purpose 

he came to the aid of. . . 

7 send them to vour relief 



The ship was very useful 
it serves as a striking proof 
it affords me protection 
fyour welfare is a care to me 
\I take an interest in your welf. 
to whose advantage is it? 

I praise, blame you for it 

I reproach you with it 

I impute it to you as co wardice 



AtticTs auxilio venit 
tibi eas subsidio raitto 



colloquio diem dico 
receptui cano 



I set a day for the conference 
I sound a retreat 



DATIVE, ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION 



151 



299. Purpose usually is expressed by 

ad, causa, ut, qui, de, the supine in um: 

a. Ad pacem hortor I exhort to peace 

ad perseveranduni mflammo I rouse to perseverance 



pecuniam do 

ad emendas sententias 

b. Rei publicae causa, gratia 
animi causa 

agendi causa 
ingenii acuendi causa 
sui Hberandi causa 

c. Adduco te ut abeas 

d. Legatos miserunt qui 
eum absentem accusarent 

e. Legatos de pace mitto 

f. Cubitum eo 



I give money 

to buy votes 
for the interest of the state 
for the sake of amusement 
for the sake of acting 
to sharpen the intellect 
to free themselves 
I induce you to go 
they sent legates to accuse 
him in his absence 
...to treat about peace 
I go to bed 



THE ABLATIVE 

300. The ablativus separativus with ab is required by 
se - and dis -, the transitive abstinere, protect, 
abhor, deter, and liberare ab homine : 



Seiungo ab, separo ab 
discedo ab or ex urbe 
manus a scelere abstineo 
defendo, prohibeo, tueor 
te ab iniuria 
iniuriam a te 
abhorreo ab isto scelere 
id abhorret a meis moribus 
deterreo te a proposito 

301. 



separate from 
leave the city 
keep my hands from... 

protect you against... 
ward it off from you 
shudder at this crime 
is remote, differs from... 
deter you from your plan 



All other verbs of separation may take the bare 
ablative : 



Liberare metu, periculo 
nudare murum defensoribus 
vacare culpa, metu, dolore 
But huic uni negotio vaco 
carere amicis, patria 
abstinere, supersedere proelio 
(e) vita, patria cedere 
(e) castris copias educere 
(ab) iniuria (se) abstinere 



free from fear f from danger 

strip the wall of defenders 

be free from guilt, fear... 

devote myself to... 

have no..., must do without. 

refrain from, avoid 

die, leave the country 

lead the troops out of. 

refrain from wrong 



152 



ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON 



302. With comparatives the ablativus comparationis 

may be used instead of quam with any nominative or 
accusative, if no ambiguity arises; in sentences with nega- 
tive meaning it is preferred to quam ; with relatives 
it is employed exclusively: 

Patre = quam pater or quam patrem 

1. Filius maior patre est The son is greater than the fa. 
scio eum maiorem patre esse I know that he is gr. than... 

2. Lacrima nihil citius arescit ( Nothing dries more 



3. Amicitia qua nihil 
melius habemus 

Melle dulcior, luce clarior 



\ quickly than a tear 
Friendship, than which 
we have nothing better 



honey - sweet, clear as light 



faster than one would think 
more than is fair 



Oplnione celerius = \ 

celerius quam opinio fuit j 

Aequo plus - \ 

plus quam par est j 

Note: Similarly: spe, expectatione, solito, necessario. 

303. Plus, amplius, longius, more than, and minus, 
less than, are often inserted before words of number or 
measure without change of construction: 
Plus annum (321) in urbe est ... more than a year 
Note: With annos natus maior and minor are often used: 

Puer maior (minor) decern annos natus (321) 
or puer maior (minor) decern annis (302) 
or puer plus (minus) decern annos natus (303) 

The ablativus sociativus 



304. 

1. A Socrate eruditus 
a. canibus laniatus 
a. natura datum 

ab exercitu oppress us 

2. Eius impulsu 
more, consuetudine 
ira incensus 

inopia adductus, coactus 
timore perterritus 
nuntio commotus 



Educated by Socrates 

torn by dogs 

given by nature (personified) 

...by... (pers. collective subst.) 

At his instigation 

according to custom... 

in his anger 

because of his want 

out of fear 

Sit this news 



ABLATIVE 



153 



Re, re vera 
nomine, specie* 



In reality, in truth 

by name, in appearance 

in my opinion 

the -the (with comparatives) 

live virtuously 



mea sententia 

4. Qu6-e6 = quant6-tanto 

5. Cum virtute \ V ivere 

= honeste ) 

Note: Cum, in the ablative of manner, is always omit- 
ted with modo, ratione, mente, more, iure, lege; usually also 
with other ablatives modified by adjectives : 



Magna (cum) cur a 
ea conditione, lege 

6. Cum patre abiit 
cum febri rediit 

7. Frui, uti, fungi re 
niti, vesci, potiri re 
gloriari, laetari etc. re 

8. Assuetus labore 
insuetus laboris 
currii vehl, pedibus ire 
proelio vincere, superari 
pila, tibiis ludere 

9. Afficio te honore, dolore 
Afficio te praemio, sepultura 

10. Laude dignus 

sua sorte contentus 
virtute praeditus 
fretus, confisus virtute 

305. 



very carefully 
under this condition 

With = accompanied by 

he returned with a fever 

See n. 212, pg. 102. 

See n. 212-213. 

See n. 283, 3, pg. 141 

Accustomed to toil 

unused to hard work 

ride, go on foot 

conquer in, lose the battle 

play ball, the flute 

I honor you, cause you pain 

I re ward you, b ury you 

praiseworthy 

satisfied with his lot 

virtuous 

relying upon his strength 



Ablativus et genetivus qualitatis 
(Used with attributes only) 
Homo humili statura (est) (he is) a man of low stature 

vicus oppidi magnitudine a village the size of a city 

Note: Magnus, maximus, summus and tantus take either the 



a man of great talents 



gen. or the abl.: 
Vir magni ingenii ( 
vir magno ingenio / 
Note: The genitive is used to denote number and kind: 

Classis centum navium a Beet of 100 ships 

fossa decern pedum (317) a trench ten feet wide (deep) 

eius modi res thing's of such a kind 



154 ABLATI V US ABSOLUTUS, PARTK I PI UM C< )NI UNCTUM 
306. Ablativus absolutus : Independent Ablative 

The Ablative Absolute is an ablative connected 
with a predicate word (participle, substantive, adjective). 
As part of a sentence it denotes 

time, cause, condition, concession, manner, means.... 

Dareo regnante (=cum Dare- (when Darius was reigning... 
us regnaret,) hoc factum est f'D. reigning,..; in the reign of... 

[ after the city was taken... 
dux urbe capta rediit )ha ving taken the city, he. 



(=cum urbs capta esset) ) after (the) taking (of) the c... 

[he took the city and retur'd 

te auctore (=cum tu auctor \since you advise it... 
sis) hoc faciam j upon your advice 



nullo prohibente (.quod l b ecanse nobody prevented it 
nemo prohibebat) eiiugit / ^ r 

te invito (--cum nolis) \since you do not consent, 

hoc non faciam fl shall not do it 

te invito (=si nolis) )if you should be displeased... 

hoc non faciam j against your wish.. . 

te invito (=quamquam non \ although you object, 

vis) hoc faciam / without your consent, 

niillo negotio (=facillime) \you were able to do this 

id facere potuisti /without a ny difficulty 

lintribus iunctls flumen \by tying together boats... 
transibant (on a bridge of boats 

Note: This ablative is called absolutus, because its 
noun and predicate word are "loosened" from all gram- 
matical relation to any part of the sentence. 

If, however, the noun and its predicate participle are 
grammatically related to a part of the sentence, they must be 
joined to it; thus the participle (adjective) becomes the 

307. PARTICIPIUM CONIUNCTUM 

Invitus hoc feci (ego) though unwilling, I did it 

urbem captam conserva vit ( ?^ er tb f cit ^ % been 
r [taken, he spared it 



PARTICIPIUM CONIUNCTUM, RELATIONS OF SPACE 155 

tui absentis memor sum i 1 am mmdM of you 

[even when you are absent 

cogitanti niihi perbeati \ they seem to me very 

ill! videri solent j happy, whenever I think... 

amico praesente delector I delight in his presence 

urbem cepi, captam delevi I took the c. and (then) de- 
stroyed it 

308. Translation of the participle having praised 

The perfect participle active which is wanting in Latin, is 
expressed by a: the perfect participle of a deponent, b: the 
perfect participle passive (ablativus absolutus or participi- 
um coniunctum ) , c : secondary clauses: 

a. caedem cdnspicat! fugerunt Having- seen the slaughter, 

b. caede conspecta fugerunt when they had seen... they Red 
urbem captam diripuit after taking the city he pi. it 

c. qui pugnaverant, redierunt having fought ..., they returned 

eo postquam pervenit (cum \ having arrived there 

pervenisset, obsides poposcit) when he had arrived there... 

Note: Being- praised is similarly translated : 

Qui obsiden tu r , desperant being besieged, they despaired. . 

RELATIONS OF SPACE 

309. The question "Where?" is answered by in with the 
ablative: 

Names of towns and small islands, however, take the 
bare genitives (locatives) -ae and -i; in all other cases the 
bare ablative: 

Natus est 

in Italia, in Creta, in Euboea, in urbe, in castris; 
Romae, Corinth I, Cypri, Athenis, Carthagine (or-i); 

in urbe Roma (Position !) in the city of Rome 

(in) ipsa Roma in Rome itself 

Romae, (in) urbe maxima. in the great city of Rome 

Athenis in foro on the marketplace of Athens 

310. Locus (in all meanings) and names of places with 
to tus usually take the bare ablative: 

hoc loco in this place 

(in) loco, suo loco at the right place or time 

tota urbe, tota Italia in the whole city, throughout I. 



156 



RELATIONS OF SPACE 



311. Place and route being often considered as means 
or instruments, are expressed by the ablative : 

on or by land and sea 
by land, by sea 
keep in camp 

set oat by the Appian road 
enter by, break out of the gate 
receive into one's home 
invite into one's house 
straightway, right on 

(exc. imponere) take in with the 

I place you on the wall 

I station the garrison in Rome 
I place myself; sit down here 
fix my eyes upon the ground 
put my energy on one thing 
is reckoned among the wisem. 
place my hope in God 
make an inscription upon the 

statue 
But tibi legem impono, exercitum in naves impono 
313. The question "Whence?" is answered by ah, ex, de. 

Names of towns and small islands, however, take the 
bare ablative: 

Venit 
ab urbe (from), ex urbe {out of), de coelo (from heaven); 
Roma, Corintho, Cypro, Athenis, Delphis, Carthagine. 



terra marique 
terra, marl 
castris se tenere 
Appia via proficisci 
porta introire, erumpere 
tecto aliquem recipere 
domo aliquem invitare 
recta via 

312. Verbs of placing 

ablative : 
pono, loco, colloco, \ 
constituo te in muro/ 
praesidium Romae colloco 
consisto; consido hie 
oculos in terra defigo 
studium in una re consumo 
in sapientibus numeratur 
spem in Deo pono 
in statua inscribo 



ex urbe Roma (Position !) 
Roma, ex urbe maxima 
Roma ex foro 



out of the city of Rome 

out of the great city of Rome 

from the forum in ( of) Rome 

314«. Latin " Whence?" corresponding to English 

"Where?" 



a fronte, a tergo 

ab omnibus partibus 

ex utraque parte 

a septentrionibus 

ab Sequanis 

a milibus passuum tribus 

ex itinere 



in front, behind 

on all sides 

Sit each side 

on the north 

on the side of the Sequani 

sit a distance of 3 miles 

on the way 



RELATION OF SPACE 157 

Hang, begin and side with 

pendet ab, ex, in arbore hangs (i.) on the tree 

suspendo te ab... hang (tr.) you on... 

unde ordiar, incipiatn ? where shall I begin ? 

initium capit a flumine It begins at the river 

Rhenus oritur ex Lepontiis it rises in the territory of 

stare ab aliquo side with one 

navem Roma conscendo board the ship at Rome 

Roma Kalendis Ianuariis Rome, Jan. 1st (Date!) 

315. The question "Whither? 9 ' is answered by in with 
the accusative. Names of towns and small islands, how- 
ever, take the bare accusative. 

Proficiscitur 

in Italiam, to Italy; in urbem, into the city; 

Romam, Corinthum, Cyprum, Delphos, Carthaginem 

in urbem Romam (Position !) into the city of Rome 

Romam, (in) urbem maximam into the great city of Rome 

Romam, in Italiam to Rome in Italy 

316. 

Latin" Whither ? " corresponding to English" Where ? " 

Romam convenimus We assembled (i.) at Rome 

in urbem, hue pervenl I arrived in the city, here 

ad Delum appello (navem) I land at Delos 

Romam nuntiatum est Intelligence was received at R 

se abdunt in silvas \ th hide{themsv.) in the forest 
se (m) suvis occultant J 

in silvis abditT sunt they are hidden in the forest 

adventus in urbem arrival in the city. 

317. How long, wide, deep, high, thick, large, far? 

Fossa ducentos pedes longa, 200 feet long 

fossa quindecim pedes lata, 15 feet wide 

fossa quindecim pedes alta, 15 feet deep 

murus quindecim pedes altus, 15 feet high 

murus trium pedum crassitudine, 3 feet thick 

vicus oppidi magnitudine, as large as... 

tridui viam progress! sunt, 3 days' march 

vicus mllle passus a R6ma\distat or \ ^ m -j e ^i s f an ^ 
vicus mille passibus a Roma / abest / 
rex mille passus a Roma\ c6nsgdit . x mile {rom R 
rex mille passibus a Romaj 



158 

318. 



SPACE, RELATIONS OF TIME 
Peculiarities 



humT, humo, hum! 
ruri, rure, rus 
domi, domo, domum 
domi militiaeque \ 
domi belllque / 

in pace, in bello 
domum revertimur 



on, from, to the ground 
in, from, to the country 
at, from, {towards) home 

in peace and in war 

in peace, in war 
we return home 



Note: Domi, domo, domum take attributes denoting posses- 
sion: domi alienae, Caesaris ; domo mea; domum suam. 
But = In nova domo in a new building 

RELATIONS OF TIME 

319. The question " When?" is answered, in general, by the 
bare ablative: 



die, nocte 

interdiu or luce, noctu 

illo die, ilia nocte 

postero die 

multo die, multa nocte 

vespere or vespen 

prima luce 

mane 

hora decima (107) 

meridie 

anno decimo 

proximo anno 

superiore anno 

vere, aestate 
autumno, hieme 
ineunte or prim 6 vere 
media, extrema hieme 
ortu, occa.su solis 

comitiis 
ludis 

antiquis temporibus 
temporibus LycurgT 
patrum memoria 



by day, by night 

by day, by night 

on that day, in that night 

on the following day 

late in the day, late in the night 

in the evening 

at daybreak 

in the morning 

at 10 o'clock 

at noon 

in the year ten 

last year, next year 

in the preceding year 

in spring, in summer 

in fall, in winter 

at the beginning of spring 

in the middle, at the endofwin- 

at sunrise, at sunset \_ter 



at the election 

at the time of the games 



in ancient times 

at the time ofLycurgus 

at the time of our fathers 



adventu meo 

horum discessu = \ 
cum discessissent / 



prima, pueritia 
cxtrema pueritia 
summa senectute 
primo Punico bello 
quarto consulatu 

initio, principio 



RELATIONS OF TIME 

at my arrival 

at their departure 



159 



at the beginning of boyhood 
at the end of boyhood 
in extreme old age 
in the first Punic war 
in his fourth consulship 



tempore, suo tempore 
ad tempus, ad diem 



at the beginning 
[at the right time 

Note: In some expressions, especially when time and cir- 
cumstances are denoted, in with the ablative is required: 
bis in die twice a (/. e. every) year 

in eo tempore in this critical situation 

in senectute in an old age (state) 

in summa senectute in spite of old age 

in consulatu nostro in my consulship (office) 



320 



How long before or after ? 



Paulo ante, multo post 
decern annis ante 
ante decern annos 
decimo anno ante 
decimo ante anno 
anno post, triennio post 
anno post Christum natum 
anno ante quam natus est 
pridie quam natus est 
anno post quam natus erat 
postridie quam natus erat 



shortly before, long after 
ten years before 

one, three years after 

one year after the b. of Christ 

a year before his birth 

the day before his birth 

a year after his birth 

the da v after his birth 



abhinc decern annos 
his decern annis 
decern anms ante 



! 



ten years ago to-day 



1(50 



RELATIONS OF TIME, QUESTIONS 



321. 



ab or ex ad 

rem deeem dies differo 
decern annos regnavit 
intra or ante decimum annum 
triennio id perficies 
triennio eo non venit 
tertium iam diem abest 
decern annos natus \ 

decern annorum puer f 
decimum annum agens 
in dies maior 



Other relations of Time 

(See Prepositions pg. 116 sqq.) 

from till 



322. 

Quis, qui puer fecit ? 
Quid, ubi, quo modo ? 

a. Nonne fecisti ? 
Feci; feci vero. 

b. Num fecisti ? 
Non feci. 

c. Solusne fecisti ? 
Solus. 

d. Tu revert! audes ? 



put it off for ten days 
he reigned ten years 
before the end of.... 
within three years.... 

since three years 

since three days 

J ten years old 

in his tenth year 
greater from day to day 

QUESTIONS 

Who, which boy did it? 

What? when? how? 

You did it, did you not? 

Yes; I did it. 

You did not do it, did you? 

No. 

Did you do it alone? 

Yes* 

You dare to come back? 



Note: Yes is often rendered by ita est; sane; certe; 

No is often rendered by non ita; minime (vero). 

Utrum verum est an falsum ?\ Js k true Qr &be? 
verum (ne) est an lalsum :j 
utrum verum est an non ? ] /s k true Qr nQt ? 
verum (ne) est an non ? J 

323. Indirect Questions 

(Depending on verba interrogandT, sentiend! and dicendi, on 
interest and refer t) 

Multum interest quis fecerit. 
Quaerit velisrie (= num veils) sibi respondere. 
DTcam verum (ne) an falsum sit. 
dlcam utrum verum an falsum sit. 
dicam utrum verum sitnecne) / tnie Qr n0 f-\ 
dicam v^rum (ne) sit necnej 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Ab, a 

Abbreviated forms 202 

Abdo 282 

Abeo 

Abhinc 

Abhorreo 68 

Abicio 412. 

Abigo 321. 

Ablative 

— absolute 

Abluo 360 

Abnuo 370 

Abstergeo 88 

Abstineo 50 

Absum 

Abundantia, 

Abutor 517. 

Ac, atque 

Accedit 585. 

Accedo 226. 

Accendo 334. 

Accent 

Accerso 142. 

Accidit 581. 

Accio 27. 

Accipio : 403. 

Accusative 

— with Infinitive .. 

Accuso.... 

Acuo 356. 

Ad 

Address, form of.. 

Adeo, (verb) 

Adhibeo 33. 

Adimo 305. 

Adipiscor 523. 

Adiuvo 19. 

Adjectives, I - lid 

Hid 
— used as Subst... 

Admoneo 37. 

Adolesco 434. 

Adorior 550. 

Adsum 

Adulor 534. 

Advenio 475. 



240, 300, 304, 314 

316 
234 
320 
300 



300 sqq. 

306 



. 300 

223, 225 
subst. 6b; adj. 86 

245 



270 

8, 127, 203 



282 


^qq. 




286 






288, 


297 




241, 


299 




17, 


22 


32 


235, 


283 





297 

283 

30 

46 

40, 51, 14; 
297 



223, 225, 298, 3 
316 



Adverbs 



Advesperascit 564. 

Aer 

Aestimo 

Aether 

Affero 

Afficio 

Affligo 179. 

Aggredior 518. 

Agnosco 429. 

Ago 319. 

Agreement 

Aio 593. 

Algeo 99. 

Aliquis 

Alius, aliud 

Allicio 398. 

Allido 232. 

Alo 152. 

Alter 

Alteruter 

Ambigo 323. 

Ambio 

Ambo 

Amburo 221. 

Amicio 481. 

Amitto 244. 

Amplector 511. 

Amplius, more than 
And 

— also 

— indeed 

— not 

Ango 353. 

Animadverto 349. 

Annuo 371. 

Ante 

Antecedent 

Antecello 294. 

Antefero 

Antepono 149. 

Antequam 

Aperio 458. 

Apiece 

Appareo 61. 



92, 


100, 


114. 115 
269 


72 






•284, 


297, 


9-10 


72 






229 






304 







31, 271 sqq. 



141 

154, 155, 297, 5 



104, 154, 15; 
157 

235 
103, 152 



303 

245, 249 note; 307 

245 

245, 4 

245 



241, 320 
133, 277 

229 

251 

199 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pases 85 to 107 



Sections 



Apparet 573. 

Appellatives 

Appello 265. 

Appellor 

Appositives 

Aptus ad 

Arbitror 483. 

Arceo 28. 

Arcesso 141. 

Ardeo 96 

Arguo 357. 

Arrideo 92. 

As 160. 

Ascendo 338. 

Aspergo 205. 

Assentior 544. 

Assequor 514. 

Assuefacio 407. 

Assuesco - consuesco 432, 

Assuetus 

Asyndeton 

Atque 

— adeo 

At, atqui 

Attendo 278. 

Attinet 588. 

Attingo 276. 

Attributes 

Audeo 

Audiens sum 

Aufero 

Aufugio 417. 

Augeo 71. 

Aut (-aut) 

Autem 

Auxilior 

Aveo 79. 

B. 

Being praised 

Bibo.. 288. 

Blandior 553. 

Bos 

Both 

By (means of) 

c. 

Caedo 254. 

Cado 249. 

Calefacio 



51, 276, 27S 
284 
280 

275 sqq. 
298 



288 



251, 273, 274, 
284 



283 

288, 5 
270 
304, 8 

245, 1 
245 

246, 2 
247 



280 
296 



270 



275 


sqq. 


198 




298 




229, 


298, 3 


270 




246, 


250 


247 




298 





308 



68 
103, 158 
25, 304 

270 
270 
203, 270 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Caleo 63. 

( 'a mo 271. 

Capesso 143. 

Capio 402. 

Capitals 

Caput 

Cardinals 

Careo 58. 

Caro 

Carpo 211. 

Case 

— Endings 

— Endings of adj. 

Causa p. 120. 

Caveo 112. 

Cedo, .say, give 600. 

Cedo 225. 

Celo 

Cenatus 

Censeo .- 45. 

Cerno 128. 

Certe, certo 

Certiorem facio 

Characters 

Cieo 26. 

Cingo 192. 

Circum — 

Circumdo 12. 

Circumsedeo 118. 



270 



1 

45 

102, 

300 

41 

16 
36, 



103, 108, 109 



3; 



54, 



50, participles 52 



29 < 



300 

285 
199 



96, 

:85 

1 



299 



283 
298, 5 
283 



Circumsisto.. 



.292. 283 



Circumsto 14. 

Claudo 227. 

Coalesco 443. 

Coarguo 358. 

Coemo 304. 

Coepi 590. 

Coerceo 29. 

Cognosco 428. 

Cogo 324. 

Collectiva 

Colligo... 314. 

Colloco 

Colloquor 509. 

Colo 153. 

Comburo 220. 

Committo 245. 

Commonefacio 

Commoneo 

Communis 

Como 307. 



283 



285, 5; 288, 5, 
14 
312 



270 

297 

297 

12 



316 

270 



Index to Principal 

Pages 85 (o 107 Sections 

Comparative, decl. 77 

Comparison of adj. 73, 83, 88 

— of adverbs 97 

Coniperio 473. 

Compleo 25. 

Composition of words. 253 

Compungo 274. 

Concido 253. 256. 

Concino 272. 

Uoncoquo 169. 

Concupisco 445. 

Concutio 399. 

Conducit 577. 

Conduoo 176. 

Conecto 207. 

Confero 229, 270, 3 

Conficio 410. 237, Note 

Confido 198, '290 

Confisus 30-1, 10 

Confiteor 501. 

Confligo 181. 

Confodio 415. 

( Jonf ringo 3)27. 

Confugio 418. 

Congredior 519. 

Congruo 376. 

Conjugation 109 sqq. 

Coniungo 1 95. 

jDoniveo 80. 

Conjunctions 244 sqq. 

— coord 245 sqq. 

subord l51 

Conquiro 139. 

C< >nscribo 210. 

Consenesco 438. 

Consentio 470. 

Consequor 515. 

Consero 133; 157. 

Consido 344. 312 

Consisto 289. 312, 270 

Oonspicio 392. 

Constat 576. 

Constituo 365. 312, 270 

Consto 16. 2i7 

Constructio ad 

sensum 279 

Consuesco 432. 

Consulo 156. 

Contemno 217. 

Contendo 279. 

Conticesco 439. 

Contineo 51. 



Parts and Syntax 

Pages 85 to 107 Sections 

Contingit 582. 

Contundo 296. 

Convalesco 441. 

Convenio 476. 283, 316 

Convenit 579. 

Convinco 330. 270, 2 

Coquo 168. 

Corrigo 183. 

Corrumpo 332. 

Credo 283. 298, 4 

Creo 284 

Cresco 426. 270 

Cubo 3. 

Cum, Preposition 240, 304 

— Position of 117, 132, 134 

— Conjunction 251 

— cumque 135, 163, 165, 168 

Cum — turn 250 

Cunctor 484. 

Cupio 388. 288, 4 

Curro 257. 

D. 

Damno 297 

Dates 107 

Dative 298 

—with Gerundive 192 

De 240. 299 

Dea 05 

Debeo 35. 

Decerno 129. 

Decerpo 212. 

Deeet 565. 

Decipio 404. 

Declensions 20. 27, 36, 53, 57 

— of adj. and part. 46 sqq. 

— of defect, and 
abundantia 64 sqq. 

— of Greek nouns 69 sqq. 

Dedecet 566. 

Dedisco 420. 

Dedo 284. 

Defectiva, nouns... 60, 88, verbs 220 

Defendo 341. 300 

Defero 229 

Deficio 283 

Defleo 23. 

Dego 325. 

Degrees of Comparison 73, 91 

Deleo 21. 

Deligo 315. 284 

Demergo 201. 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



..248. 

.308. 298, 3 

193 sqq. 

197 



253 



283 
223, 225 

300 



298, 



66 



Demeto 

Demo 

Deponents 

— passive of 

Deposco 422. 

Deprehendo 343. 

Derigo 184. 

Derivation of words 

Descendo 339. 

Desero 158. 

Desilio 461. 

Desino 136. 

Desisto 290. 

Despero mihi 

Desum 

Deterreo 44. 

Detineo 53. 

Detondeo 109. 

Detraho 

Deus 

Devertor 198 

Diaeresis 4, 5 and 

Dicas, diceres 280 

Dico 170. 298, 7, b 

Dicor 296, 3 

Differo 229 

Diffido 198 

Diffindo 300. 

Digero 219. 270, 2 

Dignus 304,10 

Diligo 316. 

Dimico 8. 

Dimitto 246. 

Dirigo ='derigo 184. 

Dirimo 306. 

Diripio 391. 

Diruo 374. 

Dis- 

Disco 419. 

Disiungo 196. 

Displiceo 40. 

Dissentio 471. 

Dissero 159. 

Distineo 54. 

Distinguo .'.381. 

Disto 17. 

Distributives ........ 

— replaced by card. 

— used as cardinals 
Divido 230. 



500 



104, 109 
109, note 
109, b 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



.11: 

. 47. 

59. 



Do, laudi do... 

Doceo 

Doleo 

Domi, domus 

Domo (verb) 3 

Dono 

Dubito 

Duco 175. 208 

Duo, decl 



298, 7 
285 
283 
55, 56, 318 

298, 5 

283, 4; 288 

284, 297 

102, in cpds. 105 



Each, apiece 

Ecquis 

Edo, give out 285. 

Edo, eat 

Educo, lead forth... 177. 

Effero 

Effloresco 436. 

Effugio te 

Egeo 64. 

Eius 

Elicio 3£5. 

Eludo 234. 

Emergo 203. 

Emineo (id. 

Emo 303 

Enclitics, que, ve, ne 

Enim 

Eo, verb 

Eo, adverb 

Ergo 

Eripio 

Esurio 482, 

Et( — et) 

— in numerals 

— with adjectives 

Etenim 

Etiam 

Evado 241. 

Evanesco 452. 

Evenio, evenit 583. 

Everto 350. 

Exardesco 442. 

Excello 295. 

Excolo 154. 

Excudo 340. 

Exerceo 30, 31. 

Existimor 296, 3 

Expedit 578. 

Expergiscor 525. 



109 
145 

227 
300 
229, 270, 3 

283 

120, 122, 124 

297, 6, 298, 6 



297 




8, 


243 


245, 


248 


232, 


304 


163 




249 




298, 


•> 
o 


245, 
105 
245, 

248 
91, 


250 
4 
245 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 197 



Sections 



Experior 


. 545. 


Explodo 


..236. 


Expono 


..150. 


Exprimo 


. 223. 


Exstinguo 


..282. 


Exsulto 




Extendo 


..280. 


Fxtollo 




Extremus 




Exuo 


..861. 




F. 


Facere, accent in cpds. 


Facio 


..406. 


Fallit 


..570. 


Fallo 


261, 


Familia 


Fando audio 


..590. 


Fateor 


.500. 


Faveo 


..118. 


Ferio 


. 480. 




Fertur, feruntur... 




Fido 




Fisro 


..200. 


Filia, filius 




Findo 


. 299. 




. 197. 


Finitum verbum. 




Fio 




— with noni 




— with gen 




—with abl 




First 




Fit 


..580. 




Flecto 


..20l>. 


Fleo 


.. 22. 




... 67 


Fluo 


...285 




...414 


For(pro, ut) 




— and against 




Fore 




Foveo 


114. 


Fractions .. 




Frango 


326, 


Fremo 


164. 




Frigeo 


82. 


Fruor 


504. 



283 

229 
86, 274, c 



8 
284, e 



65 



228, 288 

296 

198 

65, 32 
270, 4 

169 sqq. 
237 
280, 2 
297, 6 
287 
88, 273 

285 



240, 274 

298, 1 

221, 289, Note 

108 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Fugio 


416 


Fugit 


...571. 


Fulcio 


.. 403. 


Fulgeo 


...100. 


Fulget 

Fundo 


.. 558. 


Fungor 


...506. 


Furo ..... 


3JU 


Future Imperative 
G. 

Gaudeo 


Gemo 


..IAS. 


Genders, how determin* 
— general rules 


— particular rules 
Genitive 

Gero 


....218 


Gerundive 




Gigno 


...147. 


Glorior 


...485. 


Gratis 


Gratulor 

Greek words 


...486. 


Grus 


Habeo 


H. 

... 32. 


— have (as) 

- regard as 

Habeor 

Haereo 


.. 97. 


Haurio 

Have, ave 

Having praised .. 
Hie ( pron. ) 


..468. 
..519. 


High 



204 



198, 283,3, 4; 288 



12 

26, 34. 38, 56, 59 
297. 276, 4; 119 
284. a 
192 

288 
297 

69 sqq. 

68 



284, b; 
284, c; 
280, 29 



298, 6 
280, 2 



308 
126; 
86, 
How long, wide, deep etc. 



Humi, humus 



34 



(adv.) 163 

87. 317 
320 
. 318 



304, 10 



I 

Iaceo 69. 

Iacio and compounds 

Id aetatis 

Idoneus ad 

Igitur 

Ignosco 430. 

Ille 

Illic, accent of 



4, 10 and 11 
4,11 
1 



411; 

283 
298 
249 



126, 276. 3 and 4 
127 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 197 



Sections 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Illicio 396. 

Imbuo 360. 

[mitorte 283 

Immineo 82. 

Impendeo 111. 

Impendo 269. 

Imperative 179, 203, 204 

Imperator 276 

Impersonal verbs.. 214 
Impersonal expressions 287 

Impertior 540. 

Impono 151. 312 

In 239, 309, 312, 

315-319 

Incendo 335. 270 

Inchoatives, page 98 

Incido, fall into 250. 

Incido, cut into 255. 312 

Incipio 590. 314 

Includo 228. 

Incolo 155. 

Increpo 5. 

Incumbo 145. 

Indeclinables 12, 44, 60 

Indefinite pronouns 141 sqq. 

— subject 280 

Indigeo 65. 

Indignor 288 

Indirect questions 323, 288 

Iudulgeo 101. 

Induo 362. 

Ineo 235 

Infero 229 

Infimus 86, 274, c. 

Infinite(ly) 106 

Infinitive, meaning of 289 

Ingravesco 453. 

Imquam 594. 

Insoribo 312 

Insculpo 214. 312 

Insero 134. 160 

Insimulo 288 

Insuetus 304, 8 

Insum 223, 225 

Intellego 317. 

Intercludo 229. 

Intereo 234 

Interest 589. 297, 11 

Interjections 252 

iutersum 223, 225 

Intransitive verbs 205, note; 218, 270 



Intueor 

Invado 

Invenio 

Inveterasco 



.498. 
.240. 
.477. 
.433. 



Invideo 123. 298, 2 

Ipse 129, 130 b 

Irascor 526. 

Irrepo....'. 215. 

Irrideo 93. 

Is, ea, id 120, 245, 4 

Iste 126, 127, Note 1 

Itaque 241) 

Iubeo 89. 288. 2 290 

Iubeor 296, 3 

Iugerum 66. b 

lungo 194. 

luppiter 68 

Iuratus 199. 

Iuro 290. 

Iussu 64 

Iuvat 569. 

Iuvo 18. 283 



Labor 507. 

Lacesso 144. 

Laedo 231. 

Laetor 283 

Lamentor 283 

Largior 535. 

Last 86, 88, 89, 27:5 

Lateo 70. 

Laudi do 298, 7 

Lavo 20. 

Lego 311. 

Libero 300 

Libet 567. 

Liceor 4^3. 

Licet 568. 

Like 274 

Liquet 574. 

Locative 55, 309, 318 

Loco (verb) 312. 

Loco, as 274 

Locus 66 

Longe with superlative 91 
Longius, more than 303 

Loquor 508. 

Luceo 103. 

Lucescit, lucet 563, 562. 



Pages 



Index to Principal 

Pages 85 to 137 Sect ions 

Ludo. "177.7.7. 23:1 304 

Lugeo 104. 283, 3 

Luo 307, 308. 

M. 

Maereo 83. 283, 3 

flagis 81, 98. 99 

riagnam partem... 283, 

flagni, magno 297, 9 and 10 

Haior 1)0, 303 

Malo 230, 288 

Maneo 98. 280 

Mataresco 450. 

Maxime 81, 98, 99 

Medeor 502. 298, 2 

Medius 274 

Meuiini 591. 297 

Mentior 536. 

Mereor 198 

Metior 547. 

-met 121 

Meto 247. 

Metuo 377. 

Meus 32, 122, 

297, 0, 11; 298, 6 

Mico 7. 

Milia,decl 102 

Millesimus, millies 100 

Minitor. minor, 487, 488. 290 

Minor, comparative 90, 303 

Minoris, minimi... 297, 9 and 10 

Minuo 363. 270 

Minus, less than... 303 

Miror 283, 3 

Misceo 48. 

Miseret 555. 

Misereor 495. 

Miseror 4s 6. 

Mitto 243. 298, 7 

riobiiia 13 

Hodo ( -modo), etc. 250 

Molior 537. 

Molo 102. 

flonths, names of 51 

Mordeo 105. 

flore, most 74, 91, 97, 98 

Morior 520. 

Moror 4^9. 

Moveo 115. 301 

Multiplication Table 112 

Mul txH verb) 297 



Parts and Syntax 

Pages 85 to 107 Sections 

Mul to, by far ' 91, 320 

Multus, declined... 85 

N. 

Nam, namque 248 

Nanciscor 524. 

Nascor 529. 

Natu 64 

Natus 303 

Ne, lest 141, 251 

Necessarius ad 298, 1 

Necesse est 287 

Neglego 318. 

Nego 294 

Nemo 146, 147 

Neo 24. 

Nequeo 236 

Ne-quidem 245 

Nescio 456. 

Neuter, pronunc. etc. 4, 154, 146, 157 
Neuter pronouns as objects 283, 285 

Nihil 146, 283, 6 

Ningit 561. 

Niteo 71. 

Nitor 510. 

Noceo 38. 

Noli 231 

Nolo 230, 288, 294 

Nominative 280 

— with Infinitive.. 290 

Nomine 274 

Non 250 

Nosco 427. 

Nouns, classes of.. 9 

Nubo 208. 298. 2 

Nudo 300 

Nullus 146, 154 

Num 322, 323 

Num quis 145 

Numerals 100 sqq. 

Numero (abl.) 274 

Nuntio 316 

o. 

Obdormisco 446. 

Obduresco 449. 

Obeo 235 

Oblino 132. 270, 4 

Obliviscor 527. 297 

Obmutesco 451. 

Obruo 375. 197 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 






Pages 85 to 107 



Secti 



Obsideo 120 

Obsolesco 435. 

Obsum 

Obtineo 55. 

Obtrecto 

Obtundo 297, 

Occido 251 253. 

O'clock 

Odi 592. 

Offero 

Old 

Oleo 72. 

Oranes 

One, impersonal... 

Opem ferre 

Operio 459. 

Opitulor 490. 

Oportet 556, 

Opperior 546. 

Opprimo 224. 

Optimus quisque... 

Ordinals 

Ordior 548. 

Orior 549. 

Oro 

Or rather : 

Os, bone; os, mouth 
Ostendo 281. 



223, 225 

298. 2 

270 
107 

229 
90. 321 

152 

280 
298 
270, 4 

287, Note 
270, 4 

149 

104, 107 
314 
314 
285 
246 
44 



Paciscor 198 

Paenitet 551. 

Pando 347. 

Par 86 

Parco 263. 298, 

Pareo 60. 298, 

Pario 401. 270, 

Parisyllables 36 



2 

3; 270, 4 
4 
37 



Participium coniunctum 307 
Participles declined 51 52 

Particles, classes of 9' 

Partior 539. 

Parvi, parvo 297, 9 and 10 

Pasco, pascor 424, 425. 
Passive of Deponents 197 
Passive Participles 199, 

Patefacio 408. 27o' 

Pateo 73. 2 70 

Patet 575. 

Patior 521. 288 



200 



Pages ?S to 107 



Sections 



*.'7, 



234 
234 



Paulo 

Paulum 

Pellicio 397 

Pello 264. 

Pendeo no. 

Pendo 268. 

People, indefinite subject 

Pe r-. Per 91 

Perago 320. 

Percello 293. 

Percrebresco 448. 

Percutio 400. 

Perdo 

Pereo 

Perfruor 505. 

Pergo 186. 

Perhorresco 437. 

Periphrastic Conjugation 

Perlego 313. 

Permulceo 90. 

Pepetior 522. 

Persolvo 379. 

Persuadeo 95, 

Pertiniesco 440. 

Pertineo 52. 

Pervenio 478. 316 

Peto 137. 

Phonetic changes... 

Phonology 

Piget 552. 

Pingo 198. 

Placeo 39. 

Placet 586. 

Plaudo 235. 

Plebs 

Plerique 

Pluit 560. 

Pluralia tantum 

Pluris, plurimi 

Plus, more than 

Poema 

Polleo 84. 

Polliceor 494. 

Polysyndeton 

Pono 148. 

Porrigo 185. 

Posco 421. 285, 4 

Position of Prepositions 242 
—of -que, -ve, -ne 248 
—of Attributes 276 



320 
b 



314, 270 



2.S0 
241; 



■4 c 



191 



283, 4; 298, 2 



268 
1 



67 
85 d 






62, 
297, 
303 

72 

2f0 
245 
312 



63, 10!), 158 
9 and 10 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



270, 


4 


270, 


4 


226, 


283, 


241, 


320 


199 




284 




304, 


10 


229 




284, 


281 


223, 


225 


283 




235 




270 




199 





Possideo , 121 

Possido 345 

Possum 226, 283, 4 

Post 

Potior 541. 

Poto., potus 1. 

Praebeo 36. 

Praedico 173. 

Praeditus 

Praefero 

Praestat 587. 

Praesto 15. 

Praesum 

Praeter - 

Praetereo 

Praeterit 572. 

Praising attributes 
Prandeo, pransus 125. 

Precor 491. 

Predicate (nouns).. 

Prehendo 342. 

Premo 222. 

Prepositions 

Primo, primum 

Primus 

Principal Parts 

Pro 

Pro nihilo 

Prodeo 

Proficiscor 530. 

Prohibeo 34. 

Proicio 413. 

Proinde 

Promo 309. 

Pronominal adject. 
Pronominal advbs. 

Pronouns 

Pronunciation 

Prosterno 1-7. 

Prosum 

Provideo 124. 

- pte 

Pudet 553. 

Pungo 273. 

Purpose, how expressed 

Puto 284. 294, 297,9 

Putor 280, 296, 3 



1, 280, 



238 sqq. 
115 
273, 274 

177 
240, 274, 



297, 
234 



9 



28S, 5; 300 



248 



154, 


155 


163- 


-168 


116 


sqq. 

4 


223, 


225 


298 




175 





299 





Q. 






Qua, Correlatives 




163 




Quaero 


.138. 


285 




Quaeso 


.596. 






Qualis 




160 




Quam 




91, 167, 


303, 251 


— diu, Correl. etc 




165, 251 




Quando, Correl.. 




165 




Quanti, quanto... 




297, 9 am 


110, 304 


Quantity of Sy II. 








and Vowels 




7 




- que, Accent, 








Position etc.... 




. 8, 243, 


255, 2 


Queo , 




236 




Queror 


.512. 


283, 3 




Questions 




322, 323 




Qui, Relative 




132, 299 




— Interrog. Indei 




137, 140, 


141 


Quiesco 


..431. 






Quis 




136, 141, 


160 


Quisque 




149, 152 




Quo, Correlatives 




163 




Quo — eo 




304, 4 




Quoque 




245 




Quod, Correlatives 


160 




Conjunction.... 




251, 288, 


3 


Quotus quisque. 


R. 


149 




Kado 


..237. 






Kapio 


..390. 






Rather 




76, 246 




Recido 


..252. 






Recordor 




297, 12 




Recurro 


..259. 






Redarguo 


..355) 






Reddo , 


,.287. 


284 




Redeo 




234 




Refello 


..262. 






Refercio 


..462. 






Refero 




229 




Refert 


..557. 


297 




Reflexive 




116, 124, 


130, 270 


Re^o 


..182. 






Relinquo , 


..328. 


298, 7 




Reminiscor , 


,.528. 


297, 12 




Reor 


..503. 






Repello 


..267. 






Reperio 


..472. 






Reposco 


..4-23. 


285, 4 




Repuerasco 


..454. 







Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 






Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Resist.) ;../291. 

Rescindo 302. 

Respondeo 107 

Respuo 372. 

Restat 584. 

Reticeo 42. 

Retineo •• 56. 

Retundo 298. 

Revertor 

Revivisco 444. 

Rideo 91. 283 

Rodo 238. 

Rogo 

Rules of Gender ... 



198 



285 
11, 



.2. 26, 
56, 



34 
59 



Rumpo, ruo...331, 373. 
Rus, rure, ruri 318 

s. 

Saepio 464. 

Salio 460. 

Salve 597. 

Sancio 465. 

Sapio 389. 

Sarcio 466. 

Satis with genitive 297 

Scalpo 213. 

Scando 337. 

Scindo ....; 301. 

Scio 460. 

Scisco 447. 

Scribo 209. 

Se- 

Seco 6. 

Sed 

Sedeo 117. 

Self 

Semideponents ... 

Sentio 469. 

Separation of Syl= 

tables 6 

Sepelio 457. 

Sequor 513. 283 

Sero 132, 157. 

Serpo 216. 

Sescenti 106 

Sileo 74. 

Similis 297, 3 

Sino, sinor 135. 288, 2; 2C6, 3 



300 
247 

130 

198 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sis 

Soleo. 
Solvo 



231 

198 



Sono '.). 

Sortior 542. 

Spargo 204. 

Sperno 130. 

Spero 

Splendeo 85. 

Spondeo 106. 

Statuo 364. 

Stem 

Sterno 126. 

Sto 13. 

Strepo 166. 

Stringo 199. 

Struo 386. 

Studeo 75. 

Stupeo 76. 

Suadeo 94. 

Subigo 322 

Subject 

Subjunctive of 
Future 

Subvenio 479. 

Succendo 336. 

Suecurro 260. 

Sum. auxil. and 

independent 
— with Genitive 

with Dative 

Summus 

Sumo 310. 

Supersedere 119. 

Supines 

Supplico 

Surge 187. 

Suscenseo 46. 

Suscipio 405. 

Suspendo 270. 

Suspicio, suspicor...393. 

Sustineo 57. 

Suus 

Syllables 

T. 

Taceo 41. 

Taedet 554. 

Tarn 

Tamquam 

Tango 275. 

Tanti, quanti 

Tego 188. 

Tendo 277. 

Teneo 49. 

Tero 140. 



Sections 



290 

19 

297, 314 



283, 


4; 298, 2 


270, 


1 


280, 


286 


192 




298, 


3 


21)8, 


3 


280, 


281 


:97 


6 


298, 


i 


86, 


274 


300 




184, 


299, f. 


298 




270, 


1 


270, 


2 


124 




o 





167 
274, a 

297, 9 and 10 



Index to Principal Parts and Syntax 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Pages 85 to 107 



Sections 



Terreo 43. 

fexo ..161. 

Therefore 

They, indef. subj. 

Timeo 77. 

Tingo 193. 

lollo ■ 

Tonat 559. 

Tondeo 108. 

Tono 10. 

Too 

Torqueo 87. 

Trado 286. 

Traditur. traduntur 

Traho 189. 

irana - 

Transeo 

Transitive 

Transport 

Tremo 167. 

Tribuo 366. 

Trini, uni 

Trade 289. 

Tueor 497. 

u. 

Ubi, Correlatives.. 

I'li-iscor 531. 

Ullus 

Unde, Correlatives 
Tngo, unguo ...283 .84. 

Uni 

Unus,decl.,...incpds 

Urbs 

1'rgeo 102. 

Ut, Correlatives... 

— Conjunction 

Uter, uterque etc.. 

Utilis ad 

•t'tor 516. 



249 
280 
298, 4 

229 



296 

2S3. 2 

235 

205, 270, 282, 288 

285 

298, 7 
110, 111 

300 



146, 154 
163 

110, 111, 154 

102, 105, 154 

276, 309, 313, 315 

167 

251, 274, a; 299 

138, 150, 157, 158 

298, 1 



301 



V. 

Vaco 

Vacuefacio 409. 

Vado 242. 

Valeo, vale 62. 551. 

Veho, vehor ...190; 191. 

Vel 

Velim 

Velio 351. 

Vendo, veneo 

Venio 474. 

Yenit in menteni ... 

Verbs 

Verbum finitum... 

Vere, vero 

Vereor 499. 

Vergo 355. 

Versor ..492. 

Yerto 848. 

Very 

Vescor 532. 

Veto 4. 

Vetor 

Video, videor 122. 

Vigeo 78. 

Vincio 467. 

Virico 329. 

Viso 352. 

Vivo 38. 

Vocative 

Voco 

Volo, velle 

Volvo 380. 

Vomo 163. 

V T oveo 116. 

W. 

When etc 819 

Where, Whither 

etc 809 sqq. 



288, 4 
304 
91, 246, 
288 


250 




234, 297 
298, 7 
297, 12 
169 sqq. 
169 
96, e 






298, 7 
74, 91, 


97 




288, 2; 290. 
296. 3 
280, 2, 290 


294 


804, 270, 


4 




270. 4 
32 

284 
230, 231, 


288, 


290 



s qq- 



Corrigenda 

Page Line Read 

10 6 from below with 

67 3 " ' " urum 

93 18 " " cecinl 

128 15 ' 4 " quam difi 

128 2 " " si, quan doquidem 

129 5 " " ne 

159 16 from above in {his etc.) old age in an old age 

160 8 " " since two da vs since three days 



instead of 

or 

usum 

cecfni 

quam diu 

si, quandoquidem 

ne 



■ 



A 



AUG 24 1906 




w 



